Introduction: Intentional and non-intentional changes achieved in rhinoplasty, especially in two important nasal indices (nasal tip Rotation and nasal tip projection) are not constant and tip Rotation and tip projection loss will gradually occur in these patients. In this study we aimed to quantify and compare the rate of these losses in two common rhinoplasty techniques -open versus closed rhinoplasty.Methods: This clinical trial was performed on 68 patients in two groups - namely open (O) and closed (C) rhinoplasty groups. Nasal tip Rotation (NTR) and projection (NTP) 4 weeks and 1 year after surgery were measured using standard photographs taken from the patients. The rate of alteration in these measurements within the said period was analyzed and compared in the two groups. Results: NTR loss in groups (O) and (C) measured 7.4 and 2.64, respectively (P<0.001). NTP loss in groups (O) and (C) was 2.44% and 2.26%, respectively (P=0.78).Discussion: The consistency of surgical results and structural properties of nasal skeleton (tip Rotation and tip projection) are higher in closed rhinoplasty technique compared with the open approach.  

Gravitational multipole moments of the Sun are still poorly known. Theoretically, the difficulty is mainly due to the differential Rotation for which the velocity rate varies both on the surface and with the depth. From an observational point of view, the multipole moments cannot be directly measured. However, recent progresses have been made proving the existence of a strong radial differential Rotation in a thin layer near the solar surface (the leptocline). Applying the theory of rotating stars, we will first compute values of J2 and J4 taking into account the radial gradient of Rotation, then we will compare these values with the existing ones, giving a more complete review. We will explain some astrophysical outcomes, mainly on the relativistic Post Newtonian parameters. Finally we will conclude by indicating how space experiments (balloon SDS flights, Golf NG, Beppi-Colombo, Gaia...) will be essential to unambiguously determine these parameters.

If N ³ 2, then there exist finitely many Rotations of the sphere SN such that the set of the corresponding Rotation operators on Lp(SN) determines the norm topology for 1<p£¥. For N = 1 the situation is different: the norm topology of L2(S1) cannot be determined by the set of operators corresponding to the Rotations by elements of any ‘thin’ set of Rotations of S1.

The research is carried out to study the relationship between handedness and mental Rotation ability. for this purpose, 87 primary students (45 female, 41 male) with a mean age of 11/1/5 were selected by cluster sampling method among 4 primary schools (2 female and 2 male). These subjects completed chapman handedness inventory and chay online test of mental Rotation. Data analysis through univarite analysis of variance and nonparametric X revealed that, the different between female and male handedness wasn't statistically significant (p=0/95). the results showed that, the performance of ambidextrality group in mental Rotation test was significant (p = 0/003).

Background: According to previous research, hip internal Rotation (HIR) aggravates low back pain (LBP) symptoms, especially in patients with lumbar flexion with Rotation (F + R) syndrome. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the lumbopelvic-hip rhythm during the HIR test in patients with this syndrome.    Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 20 men without LBP and 20 matched men with LBP, subcategorized in the F+R subgroup, participated. The participants performed the HIR test. Kinematics data were recorded using a motion analysis system. After processing the kinematics, a comparison was made in the hip and pelvic kinematics between the groups.    Results: A statistical analysis based on an independent t test revealed a significant increased (P < 0.05) pelvic Rotation during the tests with the dominant (P = 0.007) and nondominant limbs (P = 0.025) in those with LBP. The analysis also showed that during the test with the dominant lower limb, the pelvis and hip moved with a more synchronized pattern in patients with LBP (P = 0.001).    Conclusion: In the patients with lumbar F + R syndrome, there was a tendency for early pelvic Rotation during the dominant HIR test. Moreover, LBP people also exhibited a greater pelvic Rotation range of motion in the first half and whole pathways of the test. These impairments could be a risk factor for the development of LBP symptoms in these patients.

In this paper the most important character of saddlebag type connection which is the moment - Rotation relation has been driven based on the dimensions of its constitutive angles. An analytical model with three parameters has been chosen to present the moment - Rotation relationship. The two first parameters are respectively the initial stiffness and ultimate moment capacity of the connection, the third one (shape parameter) has been determined by the least square method. Finally considering the test results and mathematical equations a practical method is proposed to determine the rigidity of all saddlebag type connection.

Objective: This research examined the relationship family handedness and mental Rotation ability. Method: one hundred and thirty six subjects (68 male and 68 female) of preschool students by randomly selected from six schools. These students were measured by chapman handedness test (1987), online chay test (2000) and a family handedness inventory.Results: Data analysis through univariate analysis of variance revealed that effect of family handedness on mental Rotation ability was significant (α= 0/005, F=3/696, P=0/0015). Effects of family handedness by gender on mental Rotation ability was significant (p=0/006, F=3/006). Results of this research don't emphasize Annet handedness theory, but effect of environmental factors and systematic model was emphasized.