Despite its quantitative growth, higher education system is unable to solve social problems. The Ministry of Science, Research and Technology has taken many decisions to review curricula, but they have not been useful and we still teach educational courses in the traditional way. Identifying reasons behind failure of plans, trying to reach a common understanding of interdisciplinary subjects, correcting understanding of educational courses and preparing teachers and professors to look at specialized courses in a systematic way while avoiding of concentration on a single specialty, are inevitable solutions for social problems. In this study, theoretical basis of interdisciplinary knowledge has been examined by emphasis on educational SCIENCES and its various aspects as seen by educational experts.

In the philosophy of social SCIENCES, some philosophers emphasize on the similarities of social and natural SCIENCES with regard to the subject, method, and aim. Others observe fundamental differences in this respect. The most important arguments that the advocates of each side offer are listed in this article. Are the social SCIENCES experimental in the same meaning that the natural SCIENCES are? Are there any differences in their methods? Are the aims of social SCIENCES similar to the aims of natural SCIENCES? Do social SCIENCES contain general statements similar to the natural laws in physical SCIENCES? The texts of the general philosophy of social SCIENCES are reviewed to explore the various responses to these questions.

This research aimed to examine the relationship between knowledge management and creativity of primary school educational assistants in district 4 of Tehran and the correlation method was used. The statistical population consisted of all educational assistants in primary schools in district 4 of Education Organization in Tehran and sample size was 180. Using Morgan table 118 was determined as the sample size and were selected by simple randomized sampling. In order to collect data, two questionnaires of Sharon Lawson knowledge management and research made creativity questionnaire were used. Validity of questionnaires was measured using opinion of respected professors, study of scientific resources and observing of similar questionnaire and its reliability was measured through Cronbach's alpha (knowledge management was equal to 0. 722 and creativity was equal to 0. 858). In order to analyze research data, different single sample analyses and Pearson correlation coefficient, structural equation modeling that is a combination of confirmatory factor analysis and T path analysis was used. The results showed that the mean of all aspects of knowledge management was significantly lower than the standard mean. Of all aspects of knowledge management (knowledge creation, knowledge capture, knowledge organization, dissemination of knowledge, and application of knowledge except knowledge storage) had a positive and significant relationship creativity of educational assistants.

The current applications of capillary electrophoresis in forensic SCIENCES has been investigated and their main focus was on its advantages over chromatography based methods. For example, in chiral analysis of drugs having forensic importance like methamphetamines capillary electrophoresis has been used. Another major application of capillary electrophoresis is forensic investigation of DNA. In this article, capillary electrophoresis and these two applications will be investigated to show that its advantages are incredible in some instances.

Background and Objective: Evaluation of the results, safety, and stability of ferrara intracorneal ring segment (FICRS) implantation for Keratoconus correction (age range was 24.39±8.32 years).Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial study, 64 eyes of 57 patients with keratoconus and clear cornea that had FICRS implantation were studied. Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), best-spectacle corrected visual acuity (BSCVA), refractive errors, and corneal data from Orb scan II, and complications were analyzed.Results: The follow-up was 18 months ± 6.45 (SD), the UCVA improved from 1.14 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (Log MAR) ± 0.53 (SD) to 0.48 og MAR ± 0.44 (SD) (P£ 0.001) and the BSCVA improved from 0.44 Log MAR ± 0.40 (SD) to 0.23 Log MAR ± 0.19 (SD) (P£ 0.001). Improvement of main outcome measures were as follows: 4.90 diopter (D) ± 3.33 (SD) for Spherical equivalent (P£ 0.001), 4.16 D ±3.24 (SD) for Spherical refractive error (P£ 0.001), 1.49±2.31 (SD) for cylindrical refractive error (P£ 0.001). Corneal topography showed more improvement of corneal uniformity and irregular astigmatism. Minimum and maximum central corneal powers decreased 1.75 D±5.94 (SD) (P£ 0.03) and 4.75 D±3.33 (SD) (P£ 0.001), respectively. Significant decrease in anterior corneal curvature and posterior best-fit sphere curvature were observed. Segment extrusion one eye (16%), superficial position 1 eye (1.6%), and infectin in 5 eyes (7.8%) had occurred. Conclusion: During 18 months, FICRS implantation improved both UCVA and BSCVA, however, it reduced corneal steepening and astigmatism. Whereas, increased topographic regularity. FICRS implantation was a safe procedure that had led to stable results. This procedure prevented or delayed corneal graft in many cases.

The concept of metatheory in the social SCIENCES literature has emerged under various labels such as meta-sociology, reflexive sociology, and sociology of sociology. The purpose of this paper is to introduce and analyze sociological metatheory. This paper is based on the study of the major works of metatheory proponents and critical discussions of its opponents. The paper reviews meta-theory definitions and provides a clear definition of it. Also, the relationship of metatheory with the concept of reflexivity is considered and the benefits of metatheory and criticisms against it are raised. Many sociologists and theorists have stressed the need for the development of social theory. Since metatheory is an effective step in enriching theories, more attention should be devoted to this area.

Following Aristotle, Islamic logicians and scientists believe that the subject of science is one of its pillars and maintain that each science has a subject matter and discusses its essential accidents. However, when clarifying the necessity of the existence of subject and determining the nature of its essential accidents and their relationship with the subject, they face great problems. These problems, which are basically rooted in ambiguity and common nomination in the meaning of essential accidents, have resulted in the rise of great disagreements among scholars when trying to bring them in conformity with scientific issues. In this paper, the writer has tried to study and analyze of the essence of the problem and the ideas of various scientists in this regard following a critical approach.