Semiclassical Monte Carlo simulation is used to determine the effect of microscopic ripples on spin relaxation length in freely suspended single-layer graphene.Spin relaxation lengths are simulated using D’yakonov-Perel mechanisms, with comparisons made by including ripple scattering mechanisms along with phonon scattering. The results are simulated with varying temperatures and concentration.

Objective(s): Nausea and vomiting are perennial problems in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Orexin-A (OXA) has been shown to regulate feeding and gastric motility. Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L. ) seed oil (SSO) has been proved to promote digestion and bowel movements. We investigated whether SSO alleviated cisplatin-induced vomiting and its possible mechanism involved in OXA. Materials and Methods: Rats were randomly divided into normal control group (NCG), cisplatin group (CG), SSO low-dose group (SLG), SSO middle-dose group (SMG) SSO high-dose group (SHG), and ondansetron group (OG). Rats were pretreated respectively with SSO (0. 850, 1. 675, and 3. 350 g/ kg· BW) and ondansetron (2 mg/kg· BW) in SLG, SMG, SHG, and OG for 6 days, and the same volume of saline in NCG and CG groups. On the 6th day, cisplatin (6 mg/kg, IP) was administered in all groups except NCG. The cumulative food and kaolin intake, gastric emptying, plasma OXA level, OX1R mRNA and protein expression in the hypothalamus and brainstem, and OXA expression in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) were observed, and the HPLC method was used to analyze the composition of SSO. Results: Kaolin intake in cisplatin-induced vomiting rats was significantly reduced (P<0. 05) and gastric emptying delayed by cisplatin was improved (P<0. 05-0. 01) by pretreatment with SSO. Plasma OXA concentration, OX1R expression in the hypothalamus and brainstem increased significantly (P<0. 05– 0. 01). Furthermore, OXA expression in LHA also increased significantly (P<0. 05). Conclusion: SSO prevents cisplatin-induced vomiting in rats, which is possibly involved in increasing peripheral and central OXA and the expression of OX1R in the hypothalamus and brainstem.

Distance relays calculate the path impedance between the fault point and the relay location by sampling the voltage and current at the relay location. By using the ratio of the impedance estimated by the relay to the impedance of the line where the relay is installed, the location of the fault can be estimated by a distance relay. However, several factors influence the estimated impedance and proper operation of distance relays. The most important of these factors is the resistive fault occurrence, which results in an increase in the impedance and deviation of the impedance estimated by the relay as well as causes relay under-reach. Therefore, in the present study, an adaptive method is proposed to modify the protection zones of distance relays settings under different operating conditions and resistive single-line-to-ground (SLG) fault occurrence. Furthermore, the adaptive distance protection of transmission lines, wind farm collector lines and the protection coordination of the relays in these lines are investigated. In this method, an adaptive coefficient is added to the conventional characteristics of distance relays to improve the accuracy and coordination. The proposed adaptive method can also maintain the coordination of different protection zones of primary and backup relay pairs. In addition to analytical verification, the numerical results obtained from simulation show the efficiency of the proposed method. The proposed method is implemented on a power system with transmission lines and wind farms and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink environment.