The purpose of this paper is to provide a framework for detecting vulnerabilities in SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) networks. We focused our studies on the detection of SIP DoS related vulnerabilities in VoIP infrastructures because of their generalization. We try to find weaknesses in SIP enabled entities that an attacker by exploiting them is able to attack the system and affect it. This framework is provided by the concept of penetration testing and is designed to be flexible and extensible, and has the capability to customize for other similar session based protocols. To satisfy the above objectives, the framework is designed with five main modules for discovery, information modeling, operation, evaluation and report. After setting up a test-bed as a typical VoIP system to show the validity of the proposed framework, this system has been implemented as a SIP vulnerability Scanner. We also defined appropriate metrics for gathering the performance statistics of SIP components. Our test-bed is deployed by open-source applications and used for validation and also evaluation of the proposed framework. The main contributions of this paper are its non-destructive manner in identifying vulnerabilities and incorporating the penetration testing ideas and steps in the overall architecture of our framework. We also defined appropriate metrics that help us to identify vulnerabilities in a black box penetration testing.

The second trimester Scan is the most important sonographic evaluation during pregnancy. The second trimester ultrasound examination is not only for confirming gestational age but also it provides an ideal opportunity for assessing fetal anatomy and therefore structural normality. In addition, assessment of placental position and morphology, amniotic fluid volume, number of fetuses, evaluation of soft markers for chromosomal defects and the comparative interpretation of various measurements are all important pointers to potential problems. This examination is commonly referred to as a „routine second trimester anomaly Scan‟. The optimal time at which to offer the routine anomaly Scan is the earliest gestation at which the necessary measurements and a full fetal anatomy survey can be performed and the latest gestation at which an acceptable range of options can be offered to the parents if an abnormality is detected. Although the measurements required to date the pregnancy accurately can be taken after 15 weeks of gestation, and most of the fetal anatomy can be evaluated at 18–20 weeks, the optimal time for examination of fetal heart can be provided at 23-28 weeks. It is recommend that the routine anomaly Scan is performed between 20 and 24 weeks but we recommend anomaly Scan to be done before 20 weeks (18-20 weeks) in Iran as we have limitation for legal termination if needed. Although it is necessary to examine the entire fetus and other uterine contents in detail, it is not always feasible to do this in the order suggested. It is suggested that the measurements are always carried out early in the examination so that they are not forgotten. It is not reasonable to expect all structural fetal abnormalities amenable to ultrasound detection to be diagnosed at a routine second trimester anomaly Scan. Though if the approach is systematic then no major structural abnormality should be missed. However there are several examples from anomalies such as microcephaly which might be missed in second trimester Scan if there is no serial examination. In the majority of normal pregnancies, measurement of the biparietal diameter (BPD) and femur length (FL) provide the most accurate assessment of gestational age in the second trimester. It is recommended that measurements of the head circumference (HC), transcerebellar diameter (TCD) and abdominal circumference (AC) are also undertaken. They provide further confirmation of gestational age and aid in the exclusion of growth related abnormalities and spina bifida. In addition, their inclusion encourages a systematic examination of the whole fetus. An ultrasound examination is in the unique position of being both a screening test and a diagnostic test for fetal anomalies. Its clinical value is directly dependent on the skills of the sonographer, first, in obtaining the correct images for evaluation and measurement and, second, in the correct interpretation in each specific and unique clinical situation. Such examinations must only be performed by individuals who have undergone a supervised period of training that enables them to identify and distinguish between the range of normal findings, findings of uncertain significance and abnormalities at varying stages of gestation.

The inflammatory changes of paranasal sinus (PNS) mucosa or sinusitis are among the most common inflammatory diseases of the human body. Diagnosis of sinusitis is based on clinical findings. Sinusitis could be clinically presented as acute and chronic entities which these can only be differentiated from each other on the basis of the duration of the patient’s symptoms and signs, and the imaging cannot be useful for this differentiation.The major role of imaging for the evaluation of PNS is determination of the main sinuses involved, the extension of the involvement, chronic sinusitis complications such as mucocele, polyposis and retention cysts, interventions (functional endoscopic sinus surgery, FESS) and acute sinusitis related complications such as intracranial abscesses and osteomyelitis. As a result, whenever the response of the patient’s symptoms and signs to correct and sufficient medical treatment is not desirable, imaging modalities could be practical and gain their importance.The main imaging modalities which are applicable for PNS evaluation consist of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography Scan (CT Scan), each with its own specific applications. MRI is useful for intracranial complications of acute sinusitis such as brain abscesses and CT Scan is useful for acute sinusitis related bony structure lesions such as erosions, lysis and osteomyelitis. Both CT Scan and MRI can be useful for the diagnosis of mucocele, polyposis and retention cyst which are the main complications of chronic sinusitis.CT Scanning in coronal sections is very useful for the evaluation of the osteomeatal complex (OMC). It is the imaging modality of choice before performing FESS. Evaluation after performing FESS can also be done by means of PNS CT Scanning, for instance the degree of obstruction recanalisation and FESS-related complications such as orbital hematoma.Common PNS anatomic variations such as nasal septum deviation, pneumatized middle turbinate (concha bullosa), bulla ethmoidalis and extension of anterior ethmoidal cells within the lacrimal bone (agger nasi cell) can also easily be evaluated by this imaging modality, which are considered as major anatomic causes of OMC obstruction and obstruction-related chronic sinusitis.In conclusion, the diagnosis of sinusitis is based on clinical findings. Imaging is not for the diagnosis of sinusitis and it is only applicable for sinusitis and FESS-related complications. MRI is the best imaging modality for intracranial complications of acute sinusitis. Both MRI and CT Scanning almost have the same diagnostic accuracy for chronic sinusitis-related complications.