Confocal microscopy is an established light microscopical technique for imaging fluorescently labeled specimens with significant three-dimensional structure. Laser Scanning confocal microscopy has become an invaluable tool for a wide range of investigations in the biological and medical sciences for imaging thin optical sections in living and fixed specimens ranging in thickness up to 100 micrometers. Modern instruments are equipped with 3-5 laser systems controlled by high-speed filters, which allow very precise regulation of wavelength and excitation intensity. Coupled with photomultipliers that have high quantum efficiency in the near-ultraviolet, visible and near-infrared spectral regions, these microscopes are capable of examining fluorescence emission ranging from 400 to 750 nanometers. Instruments equipped with spectral imaging detection systems further refine the technique by enabling the examination and resolution of fluorophores with overlapping spectra as well as providing the ability to compensate for autofluorescence. Recent advances in fluorophore design have led to improved synthetic and naturally occurring molecular probes, including fluorescent proteins and quantum dots, which exhibit a high level of photostability and target specificity.

Background and objective One of the new ways of identifying and planning to deal with future crises is futures research. One of the techniques of futures research is “environmental Scanning” (ES). It is a type of recording and obtaining information through exploration and search that is used to understand environmental changes and developments. This research aims to provide a localized model of the ES tailored to Scanning urban crises for the Tehran municipality.  Method Participants were 12 experts who had a background in research or work in the field of ES and in Tehran municipality. Semi-structured interviews and focused group discussions were used to collect data. After reviewing the literature and existing models (n=13), the features of these models were extracted and ranked in terms of compliance with the missions of the Tehran Municipality based on the opinions of experts.  Results Bradley–Terry (1997)’s ES model ranked first with 114 points. The final ES process model had three sections: input, analysis, and output. The input section of the system included the departments responsible for ES. The analysis section was responsible for the ES system management. The output section was responsible for implementation and operational action. Conclusion The ES model provided in this study can help the officials of Tehran municipality and other organizations in Iran with Scanning urban crises.

Scanning tunneling microscope is considered as the first member in the Scanning probe microscope family, which it can sense the smallest height and pitch in the surface (nanometer scale) due to the very small size of tip. Development of nanostructured detection methods lead to increase the resolution of this microscopic method in order to investigate smaller structures and identify magnetic nanostructures. For this purpose, Spin-Polarized Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (Sp-STM) has become a powerful tool for examining magnetic nanostructures in recent years. The basis of the polarized spin Scanning tunneling microscope is the improvement of magnetic studies in nanometer scale.