In a taxonomic study on the genus Podosphaera sect. Sphaerotheca, several newly collected specimens and all specimens from fungus collection of the Ministry of Jihad-e- Agriculture, were examined. A total of 13 taxa including Podosphaera aphanis var. aphanis, P. aphanis var. hyalina, P. balsaminae, P. dipsacacearum, P. erodii, P. euphorbiae, P. ferruginea, P. fugax, P. fusca, P. macularis, P. plantaginis, P. pannosa and P. xanthii were identified. Morphology of the thin-walled apical portion of the asci (oculus) was examined among taxa. The results revealed the usefulness of this feature for identification of some taxa as shown by other researchers. On the basis of morphological characteristics of P. aphanis var. hyalina, it was shown that taxon differrs from type variety in having short appendages, ascus size as well as wider oculi. It seems there is enough evidence to raise this variety as a separate species. Hence, it is necessary to investigate more characteristics especially ribosomal DNA or other genes sequencing to make an indisputable decision. Plant species viz. Hieracium sp., Potentilla hirta and Scabiosa persica are recorded as new hosts for Erysiphaceae of Iran. A key for the Iranian taxa of this Section is provided.

Introduction: Diagnosis of thyroid lesions at the time of operation can help the physician in decision making to select appropriate treatment and to prevent total thyroidectoy and its complications. Using intraoperative cytology and frozen Section prepare this opportunity. The main aim of this study is the assessment of the diagnostic value study of intra operative cytology (IOC) as an alternative to Frozen Section (FS) in thyroid lesions. This is a cross-Sectional study, conducted in 2000, on 126 thyroidectomy specimens in Alzahra hospital. Material and methods: 3 slides, one by frozen Section, one by touch print after fixation, and another by paraffin Section (PS) were prepared. FS and IOC results were compared with those of PS. Results: Sensitivity and specificity of FS for neoplastic lesions were 79, 97%, and for nonneoplastic lesions 97% and 79%. The validity of FS for neoplastic and nonneoplastic lesions was 77 percent. Sensitivity and specificity of IOC for neoplastic were 79, 91% and for nonneoplastic lesions 91 and 79%, and validity for neoplastic and nonneoplastic 71 and 73% respectively. Conclusion: FS and IOC have equal sensitivity and specificity in diagnosis of neoplastic and nonneoplatic lesions and FS can be replaced by IOC.

The use of Frozen-Section during surgical procedures, gives the surgeon valuable in formation and guides him to perform the appropriate surgical. In order to determine the accuracy of Frozen-Section in gynecologic surgery, We Compared the results of 172 gynecologic Frozen-Section diagnosis with their final diagnosis in Mirza kochak khan Hospital, from 1378 to 1379. A total of 106 ovarian, 43 uterine, 10 lymph node and 13 other tissue Samples were obtained. The Frozen-Section diagnosis was Compatible with the Final diagnosis in 93.6 percent of cases. The sensitivity for non benign lesions was 82.5 percent and the specificity was 96.8 percent. The positive and negative predictive values were 84 percent and 98 percent respectively. 2.3 percent of cases were falsely positive, 1.7 percent falsely negative and 1.2 percent over estimated the degree of malignancy. There was no underestimation and 1.2 percent were uncertain. Frozen-Section was found to identify correctly 8 of 8 metastatic ovarian tumors and 1 of 2 germ cell tumors. The accuracy of Frozen-Section was 25 percent in ovarian borderline tumors, 60 percent in ovarian mucinous and 80 percent in serous tumors. With the exception of borderline and mucinous ovarian tumors, Frozen-Section diagnosis is Sufficiently iccurate for clinical use. Performing multiple Sections is recommended in the Frozen-Section diagnosis of mucinous ovarian tumors.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Intraoperative consultation by frozen Section method and histological assessment has an important role in making decision about the type and number of surgery. This study was performed to determine the diagnostic value of frozen and permanent Sections.METHODS: This study was performed on 99 biopsy specimens during surgery in teaching hospitals of Kermanshah University of Medical sciences, Kermanshah, Iran during 2001-2006.Then, specimens were studied by permanent Section method. The rate of diagnostic values with permanent Section was analyzed.FINDINGS: Diagnostic value of frozen Section and permanent Sections in 97% was agreement and in 3% was disagreement. In tumoral lesions, agreement was 95.5% and the rate of sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and accuracy were estimated 91.9%, 100%, 100%, 92.5% and 95.5%, respectively. However in nontumoral lesions, agreement rate was 100% and the rate of sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and accuracy were also estimated 100%.CONCLUSION: The results showed high accuracy of frozen Section diagnosis and its agreement with permanent Section method in tumoral and nontumoral lesions. So intraoperative consultation with frozen Section method is a standard method and valuable to help surgeon in making the best decision about the type of surgery in shorter time and reducing the complications of disease.

It is believed that vaginal delivery is associated with less maternal mortality than cesarean Section. On the other hand, repeated cesarean Sections are said to be associated with more risks threatening both the mother and the infant. Besides, it is believed that during the next pregnancies, there are many risks involved, such as Placenta Previa, Placenta acreta and even hysterectomy. This article is about a woman who experienced successful vaginal deliveries giving birth to healthy newborns in spite of her numerous cesarean Sections she had already experienced.

Background: It is well known that, at the time of the initial presentation of patients with non-small cell lung cancer, N-status is very important in accurate staging and avoiding inappropriate surgical procedures. Also, if mediastinal lymph node metastasis (N2) of non-small cell lung cancer (stage IIIA) is present, neoadjuvant (preoperative) chemoradiotherapy is indicated; therefore a quick and accurate N-status determination is critical before thoracotomy. We compared the usefulness and accuracy of touch imprint and frozen Section analysis for this purpose. Methods: During 2006, fifty eight mediastinal lymph node specimens from 27 patients with lung cancer were excised. After touch imprint preparation, half of each lymph node was sent for frozen Section and finally permanent histology. Results: Frozen Section and touch imprint had only one and two false negative results, respectively, but neither had false positive reports. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the frozen Section evaluation was 95.5%,100%and 98.2%,respectively, and those of touch imprint were, 90.9%,100%and 96.4%.The differences in the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy between the two methods were not significant (p>0.05). Conclusion: Frozen Section and touch imprint have similarly high accuracies for detecting mediastinal lymph node metastasis in lung cancer. However, since the touch imprint method is more rapid and simple, it maybe method of choice.

Background: Intraoperative consultation by frozen Section method has an important role in decision making about the type and extent of surgery in almost all types of tissues and organs. This study was done to determine the diagnostic value of frozen Section compared to permanent pathology in breast and ovarian masses.Methods: In a cross Sectional investigation, 153 breast and ovarian specimens were studied. The specimens had been submitted for frozen Section to pathology lab of Alzahra Hospital, Isfahan, Iran during 2009-2014. Frozen Section reports were compared with permanent pathology results as the gold standard method for accurate diagnosis.Findings: There was an agreement of 96.7% between frozen Section and permanent pathology. Sensitivity, specificity, false positive, false negative, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of frozen Section were 96.6%, 96.8%, 3.4%, 3.2%, 95.0%, 97.8% and 96.7%, respectively.Conclusion: The results show high accuracy of frozen Section for intraoperative diagnosis of breast and ovarian masses. Intraoperative consultation by frozen Section can be used as a standard and valuable method to determine the type and extent of surgery in breast and ovarian masses.

In our country, frozen Section (FS) is common because of lack of experienced cytopathologists in many centers in Iran in contrast to developed countries. The aim of this paper is evaluation of the accuracy of FS in thyroid nodules in Tehran university hospitals. Frozen Section cases were determined in four hospitals (Sina, Amir Aalam, Imam and Cancer Institute) between 1991-1999. We gathered all information about patients, FS results and Permanent pathology from patient's records. Results of FS and their characteristics (Sen., Spec., P.P.V., N.P.V and Accuracy) were determined with respect to the pathological results.Total number of patients was 237. Cancer rate was %18.6 Results of FS was classified in two groups, benign and malignant.(Deferred cases were classified as benign). The results obtained showed: Sen. =63.1%, Spec. =%100, PPV=%100, NPV=%92.3 Accuracy= %93.2In cases with definite benign diagnosis, the nodule was benign in 96% of cases and in cases with malignancy result, malignancy was seen in all cases and there were no false positive cases. In cases where FS was deferred, the nodule was benign in 81% of cases. Results are the same with reports from other countries and prove that the efficacy of FS in our country is acceptable, especially that false positive cases were absent. With respect to deferred cases, it seems that our pathologists are conservative and report some benign results as doubtful.