Context and purpose: It will not be possible to fight arms smuggling in the social and legal fields unless such a thing is reprehensible in the beliefs of the people. In addition, if the laws and regulations are based on religious and jurisprudential foundations, they have more control and strength in the society. In this regard, this present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the religious foundations of the denial of trafficking. Method: The current research is fundamental in terms of its purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of researchers' approach, and the method of conducting it is qualitative content analysis. The content analysis has been approved by experts.Findings: The current research determined that arms smuggling is due to the reasons of 1- the existential threat of the Islamic system; 2- Damage to people's lives and honors; 3- Helping the Enemy security dominance; 4- Contributing to other crimes; 5- Generating illegal and haram income and 6- Undermining justice is prohibited from the point of view of religious sources.Conclusion: The religious foundations of the denial of trafficking in Islam based on the analysis of the content of six related jurisprudential rules are: 1- The sanctity of any action that endangers the principle of Islam and the Islamic state; 2- It is forbidden to harm people's lives, property, and honors; 3- It is forbidden any action that leads to the security domination of the enemies; 4- it is forbidden to any help to the foreign and domestic enemy; 5- it is forbidden to income obtained by false means; 6- Negation of any action that prevents any right from reaching its owner.

The expansion of underground activities and smuggling of goods threats the employment in Iran. This study estimates the volume of smuggling in Iran by using multiple-cause-multiple causes (MIMIC) model and applying maximum likelihood method over the period 1979-2017. Then the effect of smuggling on employment is investigated by using ARDL Bounding test method. The results of smuggling time series show that despite some fluctuations, the smuggling has been generally increasing. The findings of regression model indicate that expansion of smuggling has a negative impact on employment in the short-and long-run.

Crime economy is one of the interdisciplinary subjects which intends to analyze crime economically. With regard to relatively increasing tendency to crime in our country, it is important to study different aspects of reasons of committing crime especially economic aspect for some crimes such as drug smuggling which has direct relationship with economic affairs. Moreover, a precise and scientific understanding of cause and effect relationships between these two will provide the policymakers an appropriate guide for better management of society.In the present article, analytic –descriptive method has been used and relationship between unemployment rate and drug smuggling is explained by reliance on existing statistics and information and on the basis of regression models in OLS method.The findings indicate that there is a positive relationship between unemployment rate, monthly cost of families, proportion of urbanization and drug while monthly income of families and divorce rate have a negative relationship with drug smuggling.The obtained results point out that unemployment, in addition to costs such as unemployment insurance expense and reduction of skill and specialty of labor force and other direct and indirect expenses imposed on economy, resulted in another expense that is the increase of crimes like drug smuggling which will have harmful effects on society.

The phenomenon of trafficking in goods or underground trade in the transportation of goods without payment and customs duties and commercial interest in the import and export of foreign exchange or the purchase of goods and entering it with the export currency through authorized and buying goods from the place of export currency to the country in It is referred to as export and the economic and commercial policies that the government imposes on their country's economic situation is ineffective or ineffective (and one of the problems faced by developing countries and their economic problems more The harmful effects of trafficking on the country's economy and the need to deal seriously with this ominous phenomenon. Megan is clear. In order to deal seriously with the smuggling of goods, an examination of the routes of entry and exit, as well as the type of goods that smuggle into the domestic market or exit from the borders of the country, is necessary for social and cultural and international contexts, in order to be able to The evaluation of the type of imported goods and their comparison with domestic production and ways to fight smuggling and clear results. The word "smuggling" is usually used for weapons and drugs, and especially for narcotics, and it is considered to be a definite and definitive fight against it. This smuggling of imported goods and comparing them with domestic production and ways to fight smuggling bring clear results. Is found.

Smuggling is a part of informal economy which is not recorded in formal statistics. In this essay, at first a theoretic model from the Commodity Smuggling is presented and then by taking advantage of this model and Using the Latent Variables Method, the Commodity Smuggling size in time series (1960-2002) for Iran's economy is obtained. The results from this study are as mentioned below: 1. Tariff rate, risk of smuggling, exchange rate in Black Market, and the rate of formal exchange are the most important factors of Smuggling. The Smuggling indicators include Imports Commodity Price Index and Government revenues. 2. Smuggling trend in examination case period has full fluctuation and that upward movement in recent years confirmed.      

The smuggling phenomenon is a universal issue, which has been turned into a great problem in developing countries. It is inappropriate since it has negative impacts on the economy, weakens the economical strategies and sometimes shows itself as a silent battle against the economy. It is based on illegal profiting via illegal business. There are lots of evidence regarding these activities in developing countries however, there are no reliable statistics available which can be quite misleading. Maybe the most important reason to smuggling is the restriction put on specific businesses. This article tries to illustrate the process in which smuggling is shaped, the contributory factor, its consequences and preventive measures against it.

Smuggling is a multi-dimensional phenomenon and is affected by a wide range of factors, mainly tied to the national economical system and social, political and geographical condition of the country as well as some international factors.Despite its small share in household spending, tea consumption has continuously increased over the last several decades, with most of the demand being responded through unofficial import i.e. smuggling. Between 1997 and 2002 the share of smuggled tea in the national consumption has increased significantly from 44% to 66.7%. The drastic increase in import tariff for tea in 1989 from 3.24% to 84.46% did not serve to its goal which was supporting locally grown tea. Interestingly enough, smuggled tea in 2002 passed 89 thousand tons. This increase in the share of smuggled tea in national consumption has caused a series of problems for tea growers and causing some cultural, security and commercial negative effects.On the policy level, initiating reasonable tariffs seem to be the most effective. This study shows that any tariff above 25% will in fact fosters the smuggling for tea. On the other hand this change in the tariff will lower the importing cost of tea. As a result, local tea price and its quality should be carefully monitored and controlled simultaneously. This paper uses local and international (ITC) statistics to estimate the volume of tea export to the country in the period of 1997-2002 which lies in the third national development plan. In the end, some recommended policies and findings are presented which could be used to solve the existing problem in the tea sector.

In every system, many organs and institutions are involved in the process of reaching an economic commercial utopia. This process can be described as a chain whichconsists of many loops that are mutual prerequisites, e.g., customs administrations, knowledge-based companies operating in modern technologies, trade facilitation, smuggling prevention, smuggling detection, national production support, and international trade expansion. However, Iran differs significantly from developed countries in the use of modern technologies at the customs. In some cases, the dominant approach is still the traditional one. In this paper, the I.R. Iran’s Customs Administration (IRICA) is viewed as an economic boundary guardian at Iran’s inbound and outbound gates and an effective organization in international trade. Accordingly, this paper seeks to explain legislation changes, especially in the Law of Customs Affairs (approved in 2011) and the Law of Fight against Smuggling of Goods and Currency (approved in 2013 and modified in 2021), through the use of modern technologies for the situational prevention of smuggling and the facilitation of international trade. For this purpose, bibliographical and Internet-based references were employed in a descriptive-analytical approach. The results indicate that using modern technologies and shifting from traditional approaches to recent technological approaches can offer a single tool with multiple efficiencies to facilitate international trade, prevent smuggling, and detect smuggling. Keywords: International Trade, Prevention of Smuggling, Modern Technologies, Smuggling of Goods 1. IntroductionDue to its geographical location and position as a transit hub for goods, as well as the volume of commercial activities, including imports and exports, the Islamic Republic of Iran has historically been susceptible to the smuggling of goods, both inbound and outbound, as well as the illegal unloading of transit goods within the country. According to the reports of the Central Headquarters for Combating the Smuggling of Goods and Currency, since 2013, the total volume of inbound and outbound smuggling has exceeded $12 billion annually, at a minimum, which constitutes a significant portion compared to the country’s formal trade. A wide range of goods, including clothing, footwear, cigarettes, household appliances, cosmetics, and hygiene products, fall within the scope of smuggling activities.Undoubtedly, technological advancements and the expansion of international trade have led to diversification of smuggling methods. Therefore, establishing a transparent economic framework, whose primary goal is economic security, has always been a focus for the most progressive governments. This involves monitoring the flow of goods from pre-entry points through transportation, storage, distribution, retail, and financial transactions, which facilitates international trade processes and enhances anti-smuggling efforts. Consequently, adopting technology-driven preventive and control measures has become an inevitable necessity. One of the most effective means of utilizing modern technologies in combating smuggling involves leveraging the capabilities of knowledge-based enterprises. This study seeks to address the following questions: 1) Is there a logical correlation between the use of modern technologies in combating smuggling and the expansion of international trade relations? 2) Given the undeniable proliferation of modern technologies in today’s world, how can such technologies be employed to prevent smuggling? By answering these questions, this analysis aims to substantiate the hypothesis that “The use of modern technologies significantly contributes to the regulation and effectiveness of anti-smuggling efforts and these technologies, rather than merely serving as counteractive tools, play a crucial role in trade facilitation and preventive measures against smuggling.” To achieve these objectives, the study first examined the concepts of “knowledge-based enterprises” and “modern technologies,” specifically detailing their functions, advantages, and applications in customs affairs. Furthermore, it assessed the effectiveness of these technologies by comparing customs conditions before and after their implementation.In 2018, papers titled “Increasing the Risk of Technological Detection: A Novel Approach to Smuggling Prevention” by Goodarzi and Abbasi, “Pathology of Electronic Supervision in the Fight Against Goods and Currency Smuggling” by Shah Mohammadi and Alishahi, and “Situational-Technological Prevention in the 2013 Customs Act” by Salajegheh et al. were published. Additionally, the Economic Research Department of the Iranian Parliament released a report titled “How Inefficient Bureaucracy Hinders Law Enforcement: A Case Study on the Electronic Implementation of Cross-Border Trade Processes in Iran” in the same year. Koosha and Jafari (2021) also published a paper titled “Smart Prevention of Goods Smuggling: Manifestations and Challenges.” Findings of these studies highlight the efficacy of modern technologies in anti-smuggling initiatives. However, considering that the Law on Combating the Smuggling of Goods and Currency underwent a significant revision in 2021, the aforementioned studies have not incorporated these legal reforms. Moreover, their analyses remain one-dimensional. Therefore, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive assessment of the impact of modern technologies on international trade facilitation, smuggling detection, and situational prevention of smuggling within the framework of the Law on Combating the Smuggling of Goods and Currency and its amendment. 2. MethodologyIn this research, we tried to collect and gather information from the primary sources (including laws, regulations, directives, bylaws, judicial decisions, etc.) and secondary sources (such as books and articles, theses, research reports, etc.) in scientific research data centers, official and reputable websites, libraries, and similar resources.From the perspective of the authors, the research title suggests, first, an examination of the legal foundations and the current utilization of modern and knowledge-based technologies in Iranian customs, and second, a comparative analysis of the performance of China in this domain. Consequently, the paper introduces the advantages and applications of modern and knowledge-based technologies in customs procedures and their role in preventing and combating smuggling, while evaluating the trade environment and anti-smuggling measures in Iran before and after the adoption of modern technologies. 3. Results and DiscussionToday, smuggling of goods is one of the critical challenges affecting the economic systems of most countries. This issue is particularly severe in developing nations. The adoption and localization of cutting-edge global advancements by knowledge-based enterprises in this field not only facilitates international trade but also prevents the illegal entry of goods into the country. Hence, modern technologies play a significant role in regulating anti-smuggling efforts, not merely as reactive tools but as preventive mechanisms that enhance trade facilitation. Articles 5, 6, and 13 of the Law on Combating the Smuggling of Goods and Currency address product identification and tracking, while Article 8 of the Law on Continuous Improvement of the Business Environment mandates the electronic implementation of trade processes. However, despite the enactment of executive regulations for Articles 5 and 6 and the designation of functions and operational mechanisms for these systems, progress in achieving their objectives has been slow. A primary issue appears to be the regulatory approach in management, which lacks a practical commitment to implementing technical and operational aspects in Iran. Given these considerations, the following recommendations are proposed: integrating product identification and data registration for all goods into commercial systems (according to Article 13 of the 2013 Anti-Smuggling Law and its 2021 amendment) in conjunction with presented blockchain-based supply chain models, which would enhance supply chain management, improve product tracking, ensure transparency in trade processes, and optimize supply chain oversight through system-based monitoring. On the other hand, recognizing that the requirements for preventing and combating goods smuggling are not limited to a single product, a complementary ecosystem for technological products is necessary. Therefore, a second recommendation is to establish a consortium among knowledge-based enterprises with diverse expertise in trade and customs affairs. 4. Conclusions and Future ResearchIn conclusion, despite the significant efficiency of modern technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), blockchain, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems, etc., their implementation in Iran remains limited due to the lack of explicit legislative frameworks, insufficient technical knowledge, inadequate infrastructure, and the high cost of related equipment. In fact, domestic legislators have yet to fully incorporate the potential of modern technologies into the formulation and execution of regulatory policies. Compared to leading global trade countries with sophisticated customs systems, including China, Iran still has considerable room for improvement in legal, structural, and operational policies to reach an optimal level of global trade competitiveness.

against smuggling of goods and currencies in this space has entered more complex stages. The purpose of this study was to present the strategies to counter the smuggling of goods and currency in cyberspace.Methods: This study was conducted within the framework of the qualitative approach and the grounded theory of the Strauss and Corbin. Participants were 17 experts with the subject -related knowledge that were willing to participate in the research using snowball sampling and until reaching the theoretical saturation. The tool used was a semi-structural interview. MAXQDA software is used for data analysis.Findings: Weakness in the formulation and implementation of laws and regulations, lack of supervision of the quality and prices of goods supplied, and weakness of management as causal agents; Poverty and unemployment, use of a variety of advertising methods, easy access to existing services, the possibility of hiding virtual traffickers, the low cost of setting up virtual stores, and the low cost of managing the virtual store and providing smuggling as field factors, and finally, lack of media literacy and expertise and weakness in dealing with virtual offenders as interventionists have a significant impact on the smuggling of goods and currency in cyberspace.Results: The consequences have been focused on negative impact on domestic production and economic and security insistence and disruption to community consumption patterns, and confrontation strategies can also be in the form of proper legislation and culture, awareness of users, empowering human resources, empowering human resources, monitoring and organizing virtual stores and enhancing domestic production and supporting import and legal exports

After The National Parliament's ratification in 13928, Prof. Ernest Herzfeld in came in the service of Iranian state to teach the subjects: History, Historical Geography and Archaeology. He was ordered by the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago to excavate in The Persepolis 1931-34. Herzfeld wanted to cross the Khosrawis Frontier in the west of the country with his own automobile on the 6th Mordad 1312. Twenty seven archaeological pieces from Herzfeld's suitcase were discovered and confiscated by customs officers.