In this paper, the well-established probabilistic seismic hazard - Poisson occurrence model - technique is applied to estimate the seismic severity of Syrian region.Syrian seismic catalog, which extends from 19 AD to 2012, as well as seismotectonic features of the region have been utilized. The seismic hazard assessment carried out using eight seismic active zones based on tectonic settings and spatial distribution of the seismic activity. We assessed the modified Gutenberg-Richter Model parameters and the maximum credible earthquake magnitude for each seismic zone.Suitable numeric attenuation models have been used for the considered seismic zones. An increment of 0.1x 0.1 degree is used. The seismic hazard maps are developed for return periods (50, 100, 175, 475 and 975 years) and for the seven structural periods. Integrating PGA to PSA hazard maps have done based on site-effect factors of PSA/PGA. Seismic hazard curves are obtained for all major cities. Relatively high levels of PGA as well as PSA are found in regions: Lebanese part of DSFS, Al-Ghab region of Syria, along the border of Turkey and Bitilis zone. Remarkable seismicity has noticed in the eastern part of Syria.

Stephen Walt views states fearing not from their most powerful enemies but from their most threatening enemies and, therefore, seek to attain balance against them. As he believes, the very feeling of threat is a function of four agents of compressed power of a country. These agents include threatening agent, power of invasion, intension of using this power and being geographically near to the source of threat. On this basis, IRI has regarded what happening in Syria as a threat against its own security and, therefore, intended to defend and support the ruling state of Syria directly. It should, however, be stated that IRI’s only reason for the defense and support is not what is said in Walt’s theory, rather, supporting resistance pivot and necessity for IRI role-playing in it with regard to its right-seeking ideals may be known as the main reason in the field. In this way, IRI intends to support and protect its regional united nations.

Geopolitical imagination is a very broad concept of countries' representations of national missions, territorial delimitation, and geopolitical codes, with the levels of territorial threat and world identity, this concept is more prominent in the foreign policy of countries. In this regard, the national identity and myths of the United States drawn on the basis of "other", Geopolitical imagination has created this country in different parts of the world. Following the 9/11 and related events, such as the crisis in Iraq and the collapse of terrorist groups in the Middle East, the presence of Americans in the region increased and conflicted. Withdrawal from Syria's northeast and northeast regions and inaction against operations such as the Olive Branch and Peace Fountain in October 2019 by turkey against Syrian Kurds is a reflection of the geopolitical imagination of the United States in non-strategic areas. This research answers the question of whether geopolitical imagination has shaped US foreign policy in recent years in the Middle East and specifically the Syrian crisis. an historical analysis of the discourse and geopolitical structure of the country illustrates the discourse of the discourse of this depiction in northern Syria and the sterility of its historical discourse. Geopolitical imagination and discourse and research methods are also analytical / descriptive.

Since 1990s, political-social gaps and conflicts have been ethnical, religious, regional, and local identity-based. Influenced by events such as globalism and communication revolution, identity and class based- actors have become more political and more aware and try to find a route to enter politics center. In this condition, recent radical social movements and Islamic awakening occurred in Arabic Middle East. In This article, the research method is casual explanatory survey with historical-political sociology approach. The main question is that “what are the main reasons for Syria domestic war from viewpoint of social gaps and related crisis?.” The hypothesis is that domestic war in Syria is rooted in reasons such as identity crisis, dissatisfactions and Politicization of religious identities (Sunnis in majority), and almost ethnical identities (Kurds), crisis of state building and legitimacy and finally emerge of ISIS group. Findings show that rooted identity and legitimacy crisis and none comprehensive state building with presence of all ethnical and religious groups and parties specially Sunnis were effective in 2011 Syria but with interference of regional and intra-regional actors, impatience of Bashar Asad government and dominance of leaders and movements of radical groups, this social movement was perverted and transformed to domestic war and turbulence.

The purpose of this research is the future of ISIL research in Iraq and Syria. The present article tries to use the exploration method and data collection in the form of documents and based on the method of James Dittor scriptwriting and the method of impact analysis. Identify the influential factors influencing the formation of ISIL in Iraq and Syria, and by extracting the factors of sectarian strife, regional rivalries, and the central power of Iraq and Syria as drivers, the future scenarios of ISIL in Rewrite Iraq and Syria. Findings show that the best possible future for ISIL is to continue the current trend and the continuous growth of this trend until the complete destruction of this group, which will occur through political and religious convergence in the two internal levels of Iraq and Syria and between countries in the region. The more this convergence increases, the greater the power of the central governments in Iraq and Syria, and reinforces the scenario of the destruction of ISIS, which is a favorable scenario for Iran's national security. On the other hand, the less this convergence leads to the widening of the political and religious divide at the internal levels of Iraq and Syria and the tension, conflict or even war between the countries in the region, the anti-ISIL process will collapse and reinforce the worst-case scenario. The re-formation of ISIS is the worst case scenario for Iran's national security.

Despite of violence there has been in the middle east, But the current violence in this region for example in Syria crisis, has different nature with the past. Therefore, This is the main question thatwhich kind of violenceis adaptive with what today is occurring in Syria? And by what factorshas formed and spreaded? Today sviolences in Syria are a new wave of violence that have polygonsnature and in a structural context/ from reactive violence at the beginning, has converted to a blend of reactive, organized, sectarian and defensive violences and their synergistic has createda distinct identity of violence. the method of research is descriptive – analysis. in this study revealed that the nature of the violence in syria crisis has been formed by sectarian and excommunicatingideas of salafis and the behavior of the Baasist syria against Muslim brotherhood in the past and tactical mistakes of this regime at the early of the islamic awakening onone hand and designed and organized interference of foreign actors such as America, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Turkey etc and reply of syria regime to externalinterferencessubversion scenario on the other hand.

INTRODUCTION: Syria is a country with a population of 23 millions. The first kidney transplant in Syria was performed in 1979 at Harasta Hospital in Damascus. The donor was a living relative, the recipient received simple immunosuppressants comprising of azathioprine and steroids as the transplantation took place prior to the cyclosporine era. However, the renal allograft remained functional for more than 25 years. The transplant surgeon was an eminent urologist, Dr. Maher Al-Houssami, who 25 years later, became the Syrian minister of health and played a major role in setting the national guidelines that regulated the legal and medical aspects of organ donation and transplantation in Syria. More importantly, he was a fearless leader who worked hard in both words and deeds for banning commercialism in this field.

The recent developments in the Middle East especially the Syrian crisis have created new equations in the region. It seems that this crisis will ultimately affect the strategic axis of Iran, Syria and Hezbollah. The present paper is going to answer these questions: how will the current developments affect the triple axis and influence Iran's national security? What is Iran's security strategy towards this upheaval and how can it be explained? The hypotheses that the present paper addresses are as follows: different scenarios will have different impacts on Iran. The scenario of Assad’s fall would be a severe strike to the strategic axis and jeopardize national security of Islamic republic of Iran. Moreover, Iran's security strategy towards this crisis is vigorous support of the Syrian regime which can be explained in the framework of regional balance of threat against the united state and Israel.

Political developments study in recent years in the Middle East based on the theory of "failed state" is under consideration. Generally, studies or the role of external actors or the social awareness of people under headings such as "Islamic awakening" and "Arabic spring" have been stressed. This study aimed to investigate the developments in Syria and stressed on the Level of state analysis, the theory of "helpless state" or "failed" is borrowed. Therefore, according to this theory, on the one hand why the formation of the developments in Syria have been analyzed with a focus on the level of failed state And on the other hand emphasized the role of external actors in assisting "failed state" and strengthen it, the ways out of the challenge will be discussed.