Introduction: Disorders in the expression of any gene effective in spermatogenic pathway is known as a probable cause of non-obstructive azoospermia and male infertility. The way responsible genes for sperm motility are expressed can considerably affect male fertility. Recent studies show that TSGA10 gene is effective in the natural process of spermatogenesis as protein produced by this gene in mouse results in the production of the main structure of sperm tail. Up to now, no comprehensive studies have been done on the way this gene is expressed in the infertile's testical tissue.Materials & Methods: In this study, TSGA10 mRNA expression in testicular samples of 84 patients with non-obstructive azoospermia was investigated by semi-quantitative nested RT-PCR in Avesina Infertility Clinic during 2005-6. Moreover, expression levels of TSGA10 during spermatogenesis were evaluated using Johnsen's method for histopathologic scoring of the samples. For statistical analysis, SPSS software (Version 11.2) was used. The difference between gene expressions was done based on quantitative variables by the use of t-test and covariance analysis and α<0.05 was regarded as a statistically significant value.Results: Testicular TSGA10 mRNA expression was observed in 31 patients, (36.9%), with non-obstructive azoospermia which it had a statistically significant correlation with spermatogenesis progress (p<000.0). Histopathologically, the gene had been expressed in patients with higher Johnsen's score of spermatogenesis while a lack of expression was seen in all of those with Johnsen's score less than 4.5.Conclusion: The findings indicate that TSGA10 is expressed in human TESTIS and it is restricted to germ cells. It seems that lack of TSGA10 expression may have negative effects on spermatogenesis and on male fertility. On the other hand, determination of the timing of gene expression in a certain level of spermatogenesis may also be used to determine levels of spermatogenesis in azoospermic patients alongside histopathological findings.

Introduction: Cefixime is an antimicrobial agent which is prescribed by many physicians. This drug has widespread reaction against various pathogens, especially gram-negative organisms. Regarding the side effects of some of these antibiotics on rat reproductive system, the aim of this study is to determine the effects of Cefixime on pituitary-gonadal hormones, gonadotropins and the morphology of adult male mice.Materials and Methods: Eighteen male mice (ages: 12-16 weeks; weight: 35±5 grms). were divided to three groups, including control, sham and experience. The experience group received Cefixime (0.5 grm/kg) during 10 days while the sham group received Solvent Dimethyl Solfoxide (DMSO) (7 c.c/kg). At the end of the study, titre of hormones was measured by ratio using Immuno Assay (RIA) methods. The morphological criteria of TESTIS (volume, length, weight) were measured, too.Results: The difference of FSH hormones between the control and experience groups was significant (P<0.05). Also, DHEA hormone differences between sham & experience groups was significant (P<0.05). No significant differences were found between the groups of study in TESTIS morphological assays and testostron.Conclusion: Regarding physiological role of sertoli cells during spermatogenesis, reduction of FSH hormone may effect on sperm production and reproductive potentials of male mice. Significant reduction of DHEA hormone between sham and experience groups may be due to probable mistakes or the effects of Solvent drugs, DMSO.

Introduction: Cryptorchidism is one of the most common disorders of childhood. This anomaly occurs when the descent of TESTIS inhibited anywhere along its normal pathway between kidney and scrotum. There isn’t any study about TESTIS agenesia in our region and the picture of the disease may be different in this region.  The aim of this study ,is to determine more clear picture of this disease in our region and to consider that whether not to use diagnostic laparoscopy in this area can be lead to increased false diagnosis of TESTIS agenesia or not.Material and Methods: This study is descriptive and basis of our study is to refer to hospital archive files, from all patients that admitted during 1996-2003, we found those who had UDT, then all of required data including patient’s age ,unilateral or bilateral UDT ,associated disease, site of UDT, diagnostic procedures, and first symptoms were extracted and then we analyzed this data.Results: Out of 7200 patients that admitted during 1996-2003 yrs, 235 patients had UDT, according to this data the relative frequency of UDT is 3.26%.Regarding to age of patients; most patients were in 5-14 y/o (41.3%). According to associated disease 14% had contralateral UDT, 8.1%had inguinal hernia, 1.7% had hypospadiasis, 6% had hydrocele, 0.9% had torsion of TESTIS and 3% had infertility. Regarding to anatomic site of descent cessation, intracanalicular in 61.4% pts. Superficial inguinal pouch in 16.1% pts, intraabdominal in 14% pts, suprapubic region in 0.9% pts  and agenesis of TESTIS in 7.6% pts was found.Conclusion: According to this survey, the relative frequency of UDT was relative common and the most of operated patients are in higher range of age group (5-14yo).Which shows necessity of public education; and also high incidence of TESTIS agenesia (7.6%) suggests using of preoperative diagnostic laparoscopy in patients with nonpalpable TESTIS.

Spermatogenesis is inherently a highly organized, efficient and complex process controlled by cellular and hormonal interactions that are not well understood. In order to comprehensively investigate TESTIS function, an in vitro or in vivo model for spermatogenesis is required that is accessible and can faithfully mimic the donor tissues environment. TESTIS tissue xenografting involves grafting of small fragments of TESTIS tissue from immature donor males of a variety of mammalian species under the back skin of host mice to allow the grafted tissue to grow and develop. TESTIS tissue xenografting has numerous potential applications. Perhaps most importantly, it can be used as an in vivo culture system to study TESTIS function from a variety of donor species in a laboratory mouse. Using this culture system, virtually all aspects of TESTIS function remain intact and the TESTIS tissue is accessible for study and interventions. Therefore, it can serve as a unique and previously unavailable in vivo system for the study of spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis in a controlled manner not feasible in the target donor species. Completion of primate spermatogenesis in TESTIS tissue fragments originating from prepubertal donor monkeys grafted into immunodeficient mice shows this technique can be used to examine spermatogenesis of primates and possibly humans, and can potentially be used as an in vivo system to study the endocrine/paracrine control of human TESTIS in a laboratory model. This for example can be used to test the in vivo effects of new male contraceptives in the form of candidate compounds or promising hormone-therapy regimens directly on miniature primate testes incubated inside a mouse.

Congenital undescending TESTIS is a common anomaly of TESTIS, but we had a rare case of ectopic TESTIS. A 15-month-old infant was operated emergently because of left incarcerate inguinal hernia. Intraoperative exploration of hernial sac revealed two ectopic testes with one spermatic cord proximally but in the middle divided to two spermatic cords in a 8 shape. There was an important point about vas deferens as it was single proximal to the chord, but divided into two in the middle of the chord. Vessels showed a similar condition about. We released both testes and brought down both of them into scrotum. This is a rare case of ectopic TESTIS transectopia with partially common vas and vessels.