Typical VLF data exhibit considerable 2D effects and 2D inversion offers several advantages when applied to profiles of VLF data. First it provides a quantitative estimate of the basement conductivities away from conductors. Secondly the relation between real and imaginary parts of the TIPPER vector provides information about the depth of the major conductors giving rise to the anomalies. In this paper, a synthetic model of a vertical contact and a profile of airborne VLF data are discussed.

Background and Objective: Operators of construction vehicles are constantly exposed to whole-body vibration, which can lead to musculoskeletal disorders. Therefore, this study aimed at evaluating the effect of exposure to whole-body vibration and its relation to musculoskeletal disorders among these operators who work at construction projects. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted based on a descriptiveanalytical and cross-sectional design. In total, 89 operators who operated 6 types of heavy vehicles (i. e., Bulldozer, TIPPER Truck, Heavy Vibrator Roller, Light Vibrator Roller, Hammer drill, and Loader) in two construction projects were included in this study. The vibration indices (i. e., effective acceleration, peak factor, and vibrational dose) were measured according to ISO 2631 and SVAN 958 vibrometer to evaluate the exposure rate of the whole body to vibration. Moreover, the Body Map Questionnaire was employed to assess the status of musculoskeletal disorders. The data were analyzed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, and multivariate regression. A P-value less than 0. 05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The results of this study showed that according to occupational exposure limit standard, the whole-body exposure to vibration from Bulldozer (2. 25 m/s2), TIPPER Truck (0. 98 m/s2), Heavy Vibration Rollers (3. 20 m/s2), Light Vibration Rollers (3. 45 m/s2), Hammer drill (4. 11 m/s2), and Loader (1. 2 m/s2) were more than the daily exposure limit. The results also revealed that exposure to vibration correlated significantly with underlying factors and musculoskeletal disorders. Conclusion: The present study confirmed the potential health hazards threatening the operators of construction vehicles. Therefore, it is suggested to implement technical and management strategies, including installation of appropriate vibration insulators on seats, holding training sessions, encouraging the individuals with long exposure experience to vibration to change their job, rotating work schedules, as well as using gloves, flooring, and vibration damping pads, and implementing supervising protocols on the performance of the operators.

A study of the employees’ obligation role in the relationship between abusive supervision and their innovative self-efficacy. The research method was correlational descriptive, using structural equations model. The sample included 214 employees of Fars Regional Electricity Company, who were selected by random sampling method. The basic tools of this research included abusive supervision (TIPPER, 2000), employees’ obligation (Schaufeli et al, 2006) and employees’ innovative self-efficacy scale (Tierney & Farmer, 2000; Dorner, 2012 which had good reliability and validity. Findings indicated that abusive supervision had a negative and significant effect on employees’ engagement. In addition, employees’ obligation had a positive and significant effect on innovative self-efficacy and had a mediating role in the relationship between abusive supervision and employees’ innovative self-efficacy.

Forty four dry land barley advanced lines were tested at adult plant and seedling stages to determine their responses to barley powdery mildew in two locations, Karaj and Gorgan, in a RCDB design with three replications for two years 2001-2003. Field responses of the lines were assessed by Saari and Prescott method. For greenhouse experiment, isolates of barley powdery mildew collected from Karaj and Gorgan were transferred to the greenhouse. After multiplication of each isolate, the lines were inoculated with them separately. Seedling infection types were recorded based on Mains, and Dietz. The results showed that at adult plant stage in Gorgan, four lines were resistant and in Karaj, six lines were immune and four lines were resistant. The most susceptible line was T-2 (2R)//Lignee131/Arabi Abiad. Lines ICB-111028, ICB-111838, Obruk-86, Wieselburger/Ahor, Alpha//Sul/Nacta/3/80-5001 ICB, ICB1, ICB-100974/Acton and 4679/105//Yea132TH/3/TIPPER showed resistance response in both locations. At seedling stage in the greenhouse, with Karaj isolate, only two lines were resistant and the remaining were susceptible. With Gorgan isolate, 15 lines were resistant, and 29 lines were susceptible. At seedling stage, only line Wieselburger/Ahor was resistant to isolates of both locations.

The main purpose of this research is to analyze and model the audio-magnetotelluric (AMT) data to study the regional structure and deep groundwater of the Sena- the Shonbe aquifer system in central Zagros. We used challenging methods to determine the dimensionality of the regional structure, evaluate the degree of inherent distortion caused by small-scale, near-surface inhomogeneities, quantify these effects and remove them from MT measurements, and retrieve the main features of the regional geoelectric structure (e.g., its strike direction). Data were collected at 19 stations along the profile in the southeast of the folded belt (SFB) of the Zagros folded belt. First, the regional subsurface structure was classified using impedance and MT tensors rotational invariants (Bahr and WAL invariants). Then, the phase tensor method was used to estimate the strike direction of the regional geo-electric structure. The results of Bahr and WAL invariants confirm regional 1D and 2D structures with local galvanic distortion at most periods. Rotating the data into the strike direction of the regional structure, isotropic two-dimensional inversions of the different polarizations of the impedance data and TIPPER vectors were performed. The computer program used for this purpose uses the nonlinear conjugate gradient (NLCG) algorithm to minimize the cost function, which consists of data misfit and model roughness. Several numerical tests were performed to determine the optimal values of the parameters regulating this algorithm: τ, α, β, and H/V ratio. Finally, interpretations related to the resulting electrical resistivity cross-section are provided.

Forty-four barley (Hordeum vulgare) dry land promising lines were tested for their reactions to four isolates of barley leaf stripe disease caused by Pyrenophora graminea in the greenhouse using seed inoculation method, and also in field conditions in four locations, Karaj, Gorgan, Marogheh and Miandoab, using infected seeds of susceptible cultivars as disease spreader. Because of non-conformity of flowering date between spreader and the experimental lines and/ or non-desirable environmental conditions, the disease did not develop uniformly and sufficiently on the materials in field, but in the greenhouse, lef stripe developed up to 100% on emerged seedlings. The lines were grouped into four reaction categories, based on percentage of infected seedlings. Analysis of variance of the data showed that the experimental lines differed in their reactions to the pathogen isolates, as 38% of lines were resistant, 51% moderately susceptible, 9% susceptible and 2% highly susceptible. The most susceptible lines were Pirate 1//Aljer/ceres 362-1-1 IC, T-2 (2R)//Lignee131/Arabia Abiad, Alpha//Gumhuriyet/ Ligkee 131 and Yesevi-93 and the most resistant ones 4697/105//Yea 132 TH/3/ TIPPER followed by ICB-100974/Action, Alpha//Sul/Nacta/3/80-5001 and 132TH/Tokak Yia  147. Frequency of resistance reaction among lines with facultative spring and spring growth habit was higher than that of winter type lines. P. graminea isolates differed in pathogen city at P>1% level based on the mean of percent infection of lines. This indicating physiologic specialization in population of P. graminea.

Limited water resources in the country and the need for healthy protein have increased the attention to the multi-purpose use of water resources as well as fish production to meet the needs of the human and the economic power of farmers. In addition, the waste products of fish metabolism are very useful fertilizer for agricultural products. To investigate the effects of irrigation with dual-purpose ponds with the use of fertilizer on quantitative parameters of watermelon cultivar Niagara, an experiment was carried out with 4 treatments with 10 replications Treatments were included: T1-Irrigation with dual-purpose agricultural pond and nano-fertilizer T2-Irrigation with dual-purpose agricultural ponds T3-Irrigation with dual-purpose agricultural pool and cattle manure with TIPPER T4-Dual-purpose agricultural ponds and poultry fertilizer. results showed that the effect of treatments on fruit weight, fruit size, number of fruits per plant and watermelon yield was significant. There was no difference between fruit number and fruit weight between T3 and T4 treatments, however, T4 treatment had about 20% more fruit yield than T3, which was not significant. In T3 treatment, the skin thickness of the fruit was more than T4 treatment, but they did not show any difference in flesh fruit density. The control treatment (T2) with the lowest number of fruits and fruit size had a lower yield than all other treatments. The higher yield of T1 treatment compared to T4 and T3 was due to higher fruit weight in T1 treatment than the other two treatments and the number of fruits per plant was the similar. The results of this study suggest irrigation of watermelon farms with water output from fish ponds along with the principled use of livestock and chemical fertilizers based on case studies.

Introduction Dust is one of the important climatic phenomena that has occurred in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. In recent years, one of the most important environmental issues in the Middle East and Iran is the occurrence of dust phenomena that affects a variety of factors, including human health, plants and other living organisms, economic conditions, and etc. One of the effective factors in soil stabilization and reducing the amount of dust particles in the air is vegetation and especially agricultural products, which play a significant role in the environmental cycle, human life and the alive creatures. However, plants will suffer from tension and disease through the influence of the dust occurrence. Hence, the main objective of this research is study the effect of dust on the plant in Ahwaz city Materials and Methods One of the methods, which reduce costs and prevent direct tests on the plants and thus reduce the needed time, is to use remote sensing techniques. Therefore, two types of data including spectroscopy in different measurement conditions and satellite images (Landsat8) were used to obtain required data in this research. The ASD Field spek 3 spectrometer with a range of 350 to 2500 nm and a resolution of 1 nm was used in this study. For this purpose, 20 leaves of Spindle tree (Shamshad) plant were prepared for spectrophotometry. The leaves of this plant were examined in a dark room and based on specific standards and in each of the conditions, five replicates of the spectrophotometry were performed. Then, noise of spectrophotometric data was removed by wavelet transform. In the next step, the bands that were affected by the dust were identified by using the obtained spectra. Afterward, different vegetation indices such as Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), Divergence Vegetation Index (DVI) and Ratio Vegetation Index (RVI) were extracted and analyzed in proportion to the image bands. In the next step, nonparametric spectrum analyzes (e. g. periododogram, Welches and multispepers) were used to analyze the effect of dust on signal strength. The analysis was performed individually on measured data in the laboratory environment and outdoors. Results and Discussion The CR method illustrated that the best wavelengths for detecting vegetation free of dust and dust cover is from about 450 to 750 nm and 1500 to 2500 nm. Therefore, the vegetation behavior at the time before and after the occurrence of dust in the study area at 450 to 750 nm wavelengths was investigated using Landsat satellite imagery. Based on this, the results of the studied vegetation indices using the red and infrared band obtained after the occurrence of dust showed that the dependence of the indices NDVI, DVI, RVI before the occurrence of dust is 0. 302,-0. 47, and 0. 35 respectively. Also, the dependence of the EVI index (which has three bands) obtained for the time before the occurrence of dust and the actual values of EVI before the occurrence of dust was equal to 0. 69, which is a relatively good correlation between the EVI values and measures the values of this index before the occurrence of dust event. Also, spectrophotometry results demonstrated that the signal strength decreases with increasing dust. This result can be deduced for both field and laboratory spectra. Conclusion According to the accuracy obtained for the vegetation indices, it was determined that using the images can not detect the effect of dust on the plant, properly. While comparison of the results of triodegraph, welch and multispeed methods showed that only periodogram signal processing is not suitable for detecting the effect of dust on the plant signal, and the other two methods (multifrequency and volcano) are superior to identify the effect of dust on the plant spectrum. The accuracy obtained for the periododogram in the laboratory environment and in the external environment were respectively 83% and 69%, the accuracy obtained from the Welch method in the laboratory environment was 60% and in the natural external environment was 97%, and the accuracy obtained from the multi-TIPPER method was 87% in the laboratory environment and 88% in the natural environment. According to the results, it can be observed that the dust on the plant can be determined better by using Welches and MultiTIPPER methods.