Introduction: Pendimethalin is an herbicide that is used worldwide to attack certain wide leaf and grassy weeds in a variety of agricultural and non-crop regions, with a claimed very low TOXICITY to human. There have been some few reported cases of acute pendimethalin TOXICITY to date, around the world. We report a case of pendimethalin TOXICITY resembling and managed initially as organophosphorus poisoning. Case Description: A 42-year-old agricultural worker was found unresponsive in his field with profuse oral secretions. The patient presented with altered mental status, where Glasgow comma scale was 10, oxygen saturation at room air was 88 %, Blood pressure measured 125/75, pulse rate was 95 beats per minute, and temperature was 37 °C. The patient’s pupils were constricted, equal, regular, and reactive. Chest examination revealed scattered respiratory crepitations. The patient also had a distinct garlic odor very similar to that of Organophosphate compounds. The results of his laboratory investigations revealed only hypoxemia. The patient received atropine and supportive management, which prompted the chest secretions to clear up and allow him to restore consciousness without experiencing any neurological problems. Conclusion: Pendimethalin TOXICITY can present with manifestations mimicking acute organophosphorus poisoning. Proper supportive care is needed for the management of acute pendimethalin TOXICITY.

Mercury is a metal found in elemental, organic, and inorganic forms in the nature. This substance is present in the composition of earth crust, soil, air, and even in some tissues of plants and sea animals. Each year nearly 3400 tons of mercury compounds are released in the environment, which 95% settle in the soil, 3% in the oceans, and 2% in the atmosphere. Different industrial products like medicines, health products (soaps, creams, skin lightening creams), medical instruments (thermometer, sphygmomanometer), some substances in dentistry (amalgam), mirrors, and even some of toys contein mercury. All of these compounds may enter into the human body via skin, gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts and cause serious harms. They may cause different signs of TOXICITY, local and general signs and symptoms, and in some cases even they may end up to death. When mercury TOXICITY is suspected, in addition to primary evaluations, some special laboratory tests may be of a great help.In order to provide a treatment, the basic steps for all toxicities must be performed to prevent further serious damages,and of course the care giver has to pay attention to specific and non specific features of this TOXICITY.

Arsenic compounds TOXICITY have been reported of many parts of the world. Those are one of global clinical problems that affect all body organs and many cases of death every year. Arsenic compounds exist in environment and human body as form of inorganic and organic arsenic. Inorganic arsenic includes arsenite (As III) and arsenate (As V). The inorganic arsenics can be methylated to form monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) in vivo. Aasenic, especially inorganic arsenic is well absorbed (80-90%) from the gastrointestinal tract, distributed in the body, often metabolized by methylation, and then primarily excreted into urine. Methylation of inorganic arsenic compounds is considered as a detoxification process. Arsenic compounds cause to DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, and decreased antioxidant defense levels.The wide human exposure to arsenic compound especial inorganic arsenic in different sources throughout the world causes great concern for human health. Long term exposure to arsenic can lead to cancer of skin and internal organs eg., the liver, lung, kidney and bladder, also high mortality rate. The noncancerous effects of ingesting arsenic include clinical manifestation in gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, pulmonary, immunological, neurological systems, endocrine glands (e.g. diabetes) and skin. There are some laboratories tests available to diagnose poisoning can measure arsenic in blood, urine, hair, and fingernails. The urine test is the most reliable for detecting arsenic exposure.Arsenic TOXICITY can be life threating and necessitates supportive therapy (administration crystalloid fluids, inotropic drugs and treatment of cardiac dysrhythemias), decontamination (GI tract irrigation & use activated charcoal in some patients), chelating agents that should be initiated as soon as in arsenic TOXICITY. These chelating agents include: BAL (British anti lewisite, dimercaprol), 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA. Succimer), dimercaptopropane sulfoxid acid (DMPS), and also, long term follow-up of these patients. This review article offer to ascertain: a) find out contamination areas that exposure to arsenic to the people by water, food, soil and air; b) common diseases of arsenic poisoning in human; c) education level, awareness and treatment of contaminated people.

The side effects of chronic exposure to synthetic drugs such as tramadol have become a concern for the health system. Medicinal plants can be used as rich sources of natural compounds with therapeutic properties to reduce the side effects of synthetic drugs such as tramadol. Hence, this study sought to review the published research concerning the protective role of medicinal plants against tramadol TOXICITY. This systematic review was conducted according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement. This study included all published articles evaluating the efficacy of the medicinal plants against tramadol TOXICITY until December, 2021. For this systematic review, search was performed using keywords including tramadol, TOXICITY, poisoning, overdose, medicinal plants, and herbal medicines from reliable databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Wiley, Elsevier, and Science Direct. The risk of bias tool for animal intervention studies (SYRCLE’s RoB tool) criteria and the OECD guidelines and the WHO Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) handbook were used for quality assessment of animal and in vitro studies, respectively. This review determined 18 medicinal plants and one multi herbal formulation against tramadol TOXICITY. Plants such as Nigella sativa (Black Seed), Moringa Oleifera (Drumstick tree), and Aloe Vera, pomegranate, wheat, barely, pumpkin, walnut, kiwi fruit, turmeric, apple, fennel, and garlic also displayed therapeutic effects against tramadol TOXICITY. This review exhibits a wide range of medicinal plants with therapeutic effects such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties which could protect the organs of the body against TOXICITY caused by tramadol. Hence, the use of these plants or their compounds can be effective in reducing the complications caused by many diseases.

Amiodarone is one of the most frequently prescribed antiarrhythmic agents worldwide. Although it is extensively used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias, it can act as a double-edged sword considering its potentially serious side effects which warrants careful patient selection. This is a review of amiodarone induced pulmonary TOXICITY, and its associated risk factors, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis.