Two indigenous white rot fungi TRAMETES hirsuta and TRAMETES gibbosa were screened for decolorization of two azo dyes, congo red and orange G. The screening experiment was run for 11 days with 15, 25, 50, and 75 ppm dye solutions prepared in Malt extract nutrient medium in triplicate (30 ml flasks). Every 72 h samples were read on their respective wavelengths (λmax) to determine the percent decolorization. It was found that both fungi could effectively decolorized both azo dyes at varying incubation times but best results were shown on congo red (97.7%) at a concentration of 50 ppm and orange G (97.8%) at a concentration of 75 ppm after 11 days by TRAMETES gibbosa. TRAMETES hirsuta also showed good decolorization potential on congo red (94.6%) in concentration 75 ppm and orange G (94.8%) in concentration 50 ppm.

Background and objectives: TRAMETES species have been used for centuries in traditional medicine of Asian countries. Recently, some of the bioactive compound have been isolated and evaluated for therapeutic purposes from these species. The aim of this study was to report the isolation and structure elucidation of major sterols from fruiting bodies of TRAMETES gibbosa. Volatile compounds and antioxidant activities of the different mushroom extracts of mushroom were also examined. Methods: The fruiting bodies of T. gibbosa were extracted with n-hexane, methanol, and hot water, respectively. For isolation of sterols, the n-hexane extract was subjected to column chromatography and fractionated by step gradient of n-hexane: ethyl acetate. The volatile oil was prepared by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-MS. For evaluation of the antioxidant activity, 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and ferric reducing antioxidant power assays were used. Moreover, the phenolic and carbohydrate contents were assessed using spectrophotometry methods. Results: The column chromatography of the n-hexane extract led to the isolation of three sterols. These compounds were identified for the first time in T. gibbosa as follows: ergosta-5, 7, 22-trien-3β,-ol (ergosterol),5, 8-epidioxy-ergosta-6, 22-dien-3-ol,5, 9-epidioxy-8, 14-epoxy-ergosta-6, 22-dien-3-ol. The most abundant volatile compounds were identified as aldehydes (29. 01%), fatty acids (21. 2%) and alcohols (12. 07%). Based on antioxidant results, methanol and hot water extracts showed the highest activities in DPPH (EC50=588. 56±, 36. 37 μ, g/mL) and FRAP (432±, 6. 6 mmol Fe2+/g DW) methods, respectively. Conclusion: TRAMETES gibbosa is a valuable source of mycochemicals such as sterols, carbohydrate and phenolics. Further investigations are required for evaluation of the therapeutic potentials of the isolated compounds.

Aim and Background: TRAMETES gibbosa belongs to Polyporaceae family and Polyporales order having many medicinal effects in whole world. The aim of this study is investigation and comparison of antioxidant propertie with two methods DPPH & RP and determination of phenol and flavonoid content.Materials and Methods: Methanolic extract for examining of antioxidant properties was prepared. Two methods for determining of antioxidant properties were considered as DPPH and RP. BHT and BHA as synthetic antioxidants were considered and we prepared eight concentrations (1000-12.5 mg/ml) from methanolic extract of fungi, BHT & BHA. Phenol and flavonoid content of methanolic extract T. gibbosa were determined.Conclusion: antioxidant activities dependent on concentration. DPPH radical scavenging activity was the highest at the concentration of 750 mg mL-1 (19.61%) and was the lowest at the concentration of 12.5 mg mL-1 (4.18%). Reducing power capacity was the highest at the concentration of 1000 mg mL-1 (0.328) and was the lowest at the concentration of 12.5 mg mL-1 (0.129). The total phenol content of methanolic extract was 1.30±0.03 mg GAE g-1 FW and total flavonoid content of methanolic extract was 1.03± 0.05 mg QUE g-1 FW.Results: the results showed that in higher concentrations, antioxidant activity was higher than lower concentrations. In both of methods for determining of antioxidant properties, the results showed that antioxidant activity was strongly dependent on concentration. totally, the result showed that the methanolic extract of the sample no have high antioxidant activity.

In this study, Fe3O4/CMC magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized through co-precipitation method. Afterward, laccase from TRAMETES hirsuta was immobilized onto Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-coated magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles by covalent bonding between carboxyl groups of carboxymethyl cellulose and amine group of laccases. Also, the resulted magnetic nanoparticles and immobilized laccase were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis. Moreover, the vital factors in enzyme immobilization, such as contact time, amount of N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), and the amount of nanoparticles were optimized, which successively 48 h, 0. 01 g, and 0. 0125 g were achieved for 0. 01g of N-ethyl-N′-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC). Activity recovery of 51 ± 0. 8% was achieved by optimizing the immobilization process. The results also indicated that the loading of laccase onto carboxymethyl cellulose-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles was approximately 120 (mg/g). Finally, the immobilized laccases on magnetic support could save nearly 50% of their initial activity after five consecutive cycles.

This study was investigated the effect of TRAMETES versicolor on chemimechanical pulp (CMP) delignification. CMP were obtained from Mazanderan wood and paper industries. Circle mats were made from CMP (diameter, 7cm; thickness, 1mm) and fortified with 1g/Lit yeast juice. After sterilized, pulp mats were incubated with two disks punched from mycelium. The duration of incubate were 5, 10, 15 & 20 days as well as temperature and moisture 25oC and 40%, respectively. Standard hand sheets were made from biodelignification pulp, and was measured mechanical and optical properties. The portion of biodelignification pulp was alkaline extracted under condition of pulp consistency, 10%; temperature, 70oC; time, 80min and 2% sodium hydroxide, and then bleached under conditions of pulp consistency, 10%; temperature, 50oC; time, 60min and 4% hydrogen peroxide. Finally, mechanical and optical properties of standard hand sheet were measured. Results showed optimum time was 10 days that decreased 5.9% lignin. Mechanical properties of treated samples were lower than control samples, but statically were not significant. Optical properties of treated samples were lower than control samples but alkaline extraction and then bleaching with sodium peroxide was increase it.

In this study, durability of Eucalyptus wood(Eucalyptus intertexta R.T.Baker) in both treated with creosote and celcore and untreated to attack by TRAMETES versicolor (L.ex)L loyd. were evaluated heart wood by the Kolleshal methodes described in DIN 52176, and B.S. 838. The comparison of weight losses of samples were also evaluated and it showed that fungus had no effect on the treated samples but it caused 4% weight loss of natural durability samples. Based on this study, it can be concluded that E. intertexta wood can be classified as a durable wood.

Background and purpose: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder caused by deficiency of insulin secretion (type I) or dysfunction of insulin (Type II). Investigating the efficacy of natural compounds in treatment of various diseases such as diabetes could be so useful. So, we studied the antidiabetic effects of methanol extract of TRAMETES versicolor on male mice.Materials and methods: T. versicolor was collected from jungles of Neka (Mazandaran, Iran) and extracted with methanol. Thirty male mice were randomly divided into 6 groups (n=5 per group) as following: group I: nonediabitic (normal), group II, III, and IV were diabetic groups that received T. versicolor extract at 500, 1000, and 1500 mg/kg. Group V and VI were also diabetic groups that received 6 U/Kg insulin (Biphasic Isophane) and 0.9% normal saline, respectively. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal administration of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg body weight). Blood samples were taken 24 hr after the last injection. After centrifugation, the serum was isolated for measuring the levels of glucose, ALT, AST, ALP, cholesterol, triglycerides, BUN, creatinine, and HDL. Homogenized liver tissue (0.1 g) were also prepared for histological examination.Results: Compared with the control group, significant reductions were seen in serum glucose, triglycerides and ALT levels in treatment groups receiving the methanolic extract of T. versicolor (P<0.05). Moreover, pathology studies showed lower destruction of liver tissue in these groups. Conclusion: The results showed that the methanol extract of T. versicolor might be effective in prevention of diabetes and have a protective effect on liver tissue.

This study was carried out to introduce wood-inhabiting fungi and their relationship with hosts in forests of Middle Zagros, Lorestan province, Iran. For this study, at first, the location of the infected trees were recorded with GPS and then, following factors were recorded comprising physiographic factors (altitude, slope and aspect), the frequency of fungi, fungi establishment aspect on trunk, breast diameter height of tree, distribution on standing or fallen trees, seed or sprouted individual, crown dieback of host trees along Sarabe-Navehkesh river. Then, identifying wood-inhabiting fungi was performed using studies and the use of valid keys. The results indicated the presence of two species of TRAMETES trogii and TRAMETES versicolor on willow trees. Also, investigations on T. trogii fungus on willow showed that the highest frequency of fungi was observed at a diameter of 20-40 cm, standing trees and die back at 1/3 of crown. In addition, the highest percentage of T. trogii presence was on <0. 5m height class. Investigating the decay relationship with some of site factors, ordinal logistic regression was used and was determined that crown decay variable had significant effect on decay class of trees (p≤ 0. 01). The establishment of wood-inhabiting fungi on decayed trees, dead trees and remained stump in forest can contribute to soil improvement, but in areas where young and healthy trees are infected need to control. Therefore, in this area to protect river-side trees, good management of forest protection is necessary to protect and preserve in order to inhibiting T. trogii fungi distribution.