To study the sexual fertility and for a dermination of the mating TYPES of the cause of rice bakanae disease and foot rot, samples of infected rice were collected from different regions of Guilan Province in during 2004.One hundred and thirty and three single-spore isolates were obtained from Khazar while nine isolates from local cultivars. Morphological identification was carried out employing the valid morphological identification keys. For fertility test, crosses were carried out among local isolates on Carrot Agar medium, four pairs of which resulted in fertile crosses. Sixty isolates were crossed with six standard isolates representing three mating populations and six mating TYPES (MATA-1, MATA-2, MATC-1, MATC-2, MATD-1 and MATD-2). Of those isolates 23, 17, and 38% belonged to mating populations A, C and D, respectively. Aall, local isolates with fertile crosses were, included in mating population D. Furthermore, the ascosporous isolated from field perithecia, stood in mating population D. For pathogenicity test, 142 isolates were inoculated to Khazar seedlings nine of which showed no disease symptoms. The results of the study revealed that indicated three mating populations, A (F. verticillioides), C (F. fujikuroi), and D (F. proliferatum) are the cause of rice bakanae disease and foot rot in Guilan province, north of Iran Province.

To investigate the effect of vermicompost, N fertilizer and their integration on growth, biological and essential yields oil and its components in two populations (Varamin and Isfahan), an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the field of Isfahan Medicinal Plants Research Center in 2016. Fertilizer treatments including 100% urea, vermicompost 33.3 and urea 66.6%, vermicompost 66.6 and urea 33.3%, 100% vermicompost and control treatment (without fertilizer) as the first factor and Varamin and Isfahan populations as the second factor were selected. The results showed that the interaction effects of nitrogen fertilizer and populations on all studied traits were significant. In both populations, nitrogen fertilizer improved height, biological and essential oil yields, content of essential oil compounds (d-Carvone and its yield, α-phellandrene and linalool; except p-Cymene and Limonene in Isfahan population). Since in medicinal plants, the quantity (biological yield) and quality (essential oil and d-Carvone; the most important ingredient and the highest amount of essential oil in this experiment), 66.6% vermicompost + 33.3% urea in Varamin population, was the best treatment in the experiment. In addition an in the direction of human health and sustainable agriculture, it is possible to reduce 33% of chemical fertilizers application and pollution; however, in terms of other essential oil contents (α-phellandrene, Linalool and p-Cymene), 100% vermicompost fertilizer treatment was superior in Isfahan population.

Classification of literary works into the TYPES such as epic or tragedy, is called a typological approach to literature since the time of Aristotle, the typological approach has been among the major concepts of the literary theory. A great part of the world literature and its criticism has been founded on typological classification of each literary work and determination of its compatibility with the typological characteristics. Over the recent decades, however, the typological classification has cast doubt over the traditional classification with its Aristotelian origin, in view of the modern means of expression and emergence of mass media such as television and movie and so on which in addition to employing the traditional TYPES of literature, have innovated other means of expression. This has resulted in the appearance of new interpretations and understandings of each type of literature, and created a new Classification. The development has not only challenged the traditional outlook, but also intrigued hot debates on the key concepts of this method, particularly, the phenomenon of interference and composition of different TYPES in a single work. Today, the literary TYPES are no longer considered as absolute and fixed, but they are discussed under the influence of historical development and evolution of typological systems in literature, sociology of TYPES and the relationship between literary TYPES and gender. Consequently, at the present age, the typological characteristics of literary works are considered as historical and relative phenomena.

Censorship is one of action and method that governments tries to use it for preventing occurrence of null and void thoughts since high volume of information that injected and entered into society can not only aid to growth of human, but may cause for vice versa shown of real facts and cause for its deviation and provide means of disorder in thoughts and ethics.But about meaning of censorship and its type or methods, there is number of questions that we answered it in present essays. Value of essay clear with familiarity of reader with concept of censorship, TYPES and its methods and provide entrance of field for judgment. In summary, we can say that censorship is a kind of supervision that effective authority in government perform and have number of division. The said action has different methods that its most and important is prevention and follow up method.

One good way to grasp the concepts is to study their instances. This article examines the TYPES of mathematical explanation and introduces several new TYPES of it. The two famous TYPES of mathematical explanation are internal and external explanations. The local–holistic distinction is also a distinction used in philosophy of mathematics as a strategy of explanation. But it seems that we can distinguish a greater variety of mathematical explanations and thereby gain a better understanding of it. For example, demonstrative and non-demonstrative explanations can be separated. These two explanations are given, respectively, in the process of proving and such processes as modeling and idealization. This division is based on the theoretical or cognitive role of explanations, we can say. Moreover, we must separate the symbolic from the non-symbolic, the avoidable from the unavoidable, explanations. Some explanations can be removed from a process of reasoning, without prejudice to that process. They are given for educational or pragmatic purposes. But others are not avoidable, because the main burden of explanation is on them. This article separates this ten explanations and introduces several new TYPES with different examples.

Utilitarianism has undergone a variety of refinements since the early twentieth century. Modern utilitarians have attempted to address the criticisms by proposing their new interpretations of 'maximization' and/ or 'the good.' It has brought about a vast variety of different and irreconcilable TYPES of modern utilitarian approaches such as the 'actualist/ possibilist' distinction, the 'objectivist/ subjectivist' distinction, the 'action-based/ character-based' distinction, the 'maximizing/ satisficing' distinction, and the 'hedonist/ preferencist' distinction. These distinctions are responses to the following questions about 'maximization' and 'good': Are the values that should be regarded in determining which option is the best, 'the values of what would be the case were the agent to carry out the option' or 'the values that are possible for the agent in an ideal situation'? Is the moral quality of a feature of agency determined by 'actual consequences’ or by what the agent 'expects' or 'intends' to be brought about by her actions? Is 'the greatest good principle’ a criterion for evaluating ‘all features of agency’ or just the agent’s ‘actions’? Is the right action what 'maximizes the good' or what 'satistices the good'? Which one is the sole intrinsic good: 'pleasure' or 'preference'? This paper 'describes' and 'analyzes' the various approaches to different TYPES of utilitarianism.

Immunomodulators are natural or synthetic materials that regulate the immune system and induce innate and adaptive defense mechanisms. These substances are classified into two TYPES, immunostimulants and immunosuppressants. Immunostimulants can enhance body's resistance against various infections through increasing the basal levels of immune response. These agents could increase the oxidative activity of neutrophils, augment engulfment activity of phagocytic cells, and stimulate cytotoxic cells as necessary defense mechanisms. Many disorders could be treated using some immunostimulants such as autoimmune diseases, viral infections, and cancer. The researchers classified the immunostimulants using their origin and mode of action such as bacterial products, complex carbohydrates, vaccines (antigens and adjuvants), cytokines, immunoenhancing drugs, nutritional factors, animal extracts, and plant extracts. In this mini-review, the concepts, TYPES, and functions of immunostimulants will be described as a therapeutic approach against different diseases.