The paper describes an extensive analysis of hydrometeorological information of Taleghan catchment in the north west of ternan province. Potential snowfall areas as well as advance and retrogression of snow line are identified using temperature data and hypsometric curve. Snow index together with snow-water volume of catchment then are determined. Finally snow melting mechanism of basin investigated using energy budget method and spring river discharge is forecasted by means of multiple regression method.

Iranian rural Architecture with regard to its thousands year history makes a homogeneous and appropriate form in which the functions and role of communication and multi-functional spaces in the house were always so clear that included the social as well as the economic and cultural systems of rural housing in accordance with geographic requirements. The rural housings are obvious examples of this feature. The nature and its potentials along with knowledge of many generations, along with the attitude and approach of villagers to the nature have made another feature in rural architecture which created the most desirable and efficient relationship between environmental components while observing all the simplicity of components and its generalities and well impact of the use of environment beside economics, traditions and norms which govern the rural community is evident in its spatial organization. While present situation of rural housing encountered its particular problems, studies of housing in the country have been mainly focused on urban housing or specific villages. Lacking precise and useful studies in the field and differences between urban and rural housing, have transformed the research in the field of housing characteristics in rural architecture to a very important one. Answering to numerous needs in rural housing and the need for its compatibility with the demands of rural community requires the participation and attention of all the experts in rural issues. In this paper the typology of rural housing in one of the relatively untouched rural areas – Taleghan valley - in nine selected villages of the area were investigated. Taleghan is located in southern Alborz in Savojbolagh, Tehran. The area is located along the linear path of Shahrood river. It consists of three rural districts, called Down-Taleghan (the district center is Shahrasar), Middle-Taleghan (the district center is Shahrak) and Up-Taleghan (the district center is Jovestan) and there are totally 77 villages in this area. In this study, selected villages have been studied in general and micro-scale system deployment, geography effect held, perspective, texture and housing. The formation of Taleghan Valley habitats, according to geography and climate factors, consists of two different types: (1) Formation based on the river path (most villages are formed by this type), and (2) Formation regardless to the river path, for security reasons. The housing typology of rural areas has been analyzed from two perspectives: (A) Evaluation of spatial- functional patterns; and (B) Assessment of climate patterns. The most important features of indigenous architecture in this region can be summarized as follows: the harmony between the texture and the earth, and formation of the texture based upon the earth shape, the various spaces of rural housing according to the livelihoods of the households, climatic factors, and sociocultural status. Prospects resulting from this study can be summarized in cases such as: 1.Documenting these habitats may result in creating useful documents for protecting these villages in future.2. Rural architectural details and their generalities which have been considered in this study can address the future constructions in a sustainable as well as harmonious architecture.

Determining the capacity of grazing is one of the most important issues in rangeland management and failure to comply is one of the causes of rangeland degradation. The purpose of this study was to determine the grazing capacity in the middle Taleghan rangelands in the form of short-term policy to consider the factors that should be applied in calculating the grazing capacity and in addition to protection, can help improve the rangeland condition. Sampling was carried out in June 2013 by the random-systematic method and the amount of forage production in each vegetation type was harvested separately from livestock grazing species in all three classes of palatability I, II, III. After that, the allowable use was determined, and then the short-term grazing capacity was determined by the method of calculating the daily energy required for livestock and according to the forage quality. The results showed that the grazing capacity in the area varied from 0 to 1534 for the Fashandi race adult sheep in the grazing season (four months). The area required for a Fashandi race sheep grazing varied from 1. 92 to 8. 63 hectares during the grazing season. In general, based on the results, the grazing capacity of all studied rangelands during the grazing season (four months) was equivalent to 6802 Fashandi race adult sheep. However, the grazing capacity of studied rangeland with the good condition was about 145 Fashandi race sheep per hectare and about 19 livestock per hectare for rangelands with poor condition. Therefore, in calculating the capacity of grazing, it is necessary to pay attention to the palatability, allowable use, forage quality, and the difference in the livestock daily requirement depending on the weight of grazing livestock in rangelands and its mobility.

Different methods are proposed and used for pedological studies in natural resources research by different experts. Some of these methods are: geology, geomorphology, land evaluation, land suitability and vegetation methods. The aim of this research is to see how pedological studies by geomorphology methods are scientifically and economically suitable. For this purpose, six sub-catchments of Taleghan watershed located in the upper, middle and lower parts of the watershed were chosen. Each two sub-catchments were almost face to face and in opposite aspects (southern and northern aspects). Then, six photogeological investigations, field checks, and geomorphology maps of six sub-catchments were prepared on which geomorphological units, facies, types and sub-types were shown. Then, in each geomorphological facies, several soil profiles were made and soil samples were taken from them and the samples were analysed physically and chemically in the lab. Geomorphological studies have shown that nearly all sub-catchments consists of mountain unit (some sub-catchments, such as Shahrak-Taleghan, also consist of hill unit). Erosion processes including water erosion and physical weathering and in part chemical weathering prevail in the area and have developed numerous geomorphological facies. The results of laboratory soil analyses have shown that the geomorphology method can differentiate the boundaries of different soil groups with high accuracy.

In this research, lithologic-geologic characterstics and the relationship between lithology and pedology of the studied area were investigated. The area studied consists of six chosen watersheds of the Taleghan Drainage Basin which are located in 50° 20' to 51° 10' longitudes and 36° 05' to 36° 23' latitude. The six sub-catchments were chosen in such a way that every two of them were located against each other and in opposite geographic aspects. The area is located in Alborz geological zone and in central Alborz sub-zone. From the view point of seismicity, the area is active. The major faults of the area are Taleghan and Kandevan faults and a few other minor ones. Some branches of these faults are present in the area. Stratigraphically, from the oldest formations (belonging to pre-Cambrian) to the youngest formations (belonging to Quaternary) are present with diverse lithological characteristics. In the area, sedimentary rocks and evaporites outcrop. Igneos rocks are widespread. Extrusive igneous rocks consist of pyroclastics and lava flows. Intrusive igneous rocks are also present. In this paper, by photogeologic investigations and field checks, geology and lithology maps of the watersheds with the scale of 1:25000 were prepared. Then, several soil profiles were made on each lithologic unit from which soil samples were taken. Soil samples were then analyzed in the lab. The results of these analyses show that soil characteristics were dependent on chemical and physical properties of parent rocks. The soils formed on limestones had high percentage of CaCO3, alkaline pH and low EC. Soils formed on evaporitic marls had clayey texture, relatively high CaCO3% and EC, and alkaline pH. The Soils formed on acidic (Sialic) igneous rocks had acidic pH, and very low EC and CaCO3%, and mainly sandy texture. Soils formed on intermediate igneous rocks had neutral pH of 7 and low EC and CaCO3% and predominately sandy texture. Soils formed on igneous rocks had a pH of 7.225, intermediate to high CaCO3%, low EC, and predominately sandy texture.

Taleghan has a suitable ecological condition for growth of diverse plants. There are many species that are used in folk medicine by inhabitants for the treatment of infection diseases but there further information is required. For this study, approximately 200 species were collected and identified at the Herbarium, school of pharmacy, Tehran University of medical sciences (THE). Pre-Phytochemical tests and antibacterial effect of plant extracts considered. For this proposes hydroalcoholic extracts were prepared using suxhelt apparatus and then dried over vacuum system. Quality tests for consideration of four components: Alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin and tannin, were done via laboratory tests. For antimicrobial effects, total extracts were tested at a concentration of g/ml against eight microorganisms: Streptococcus, Proteus, Escherichia, Salmonella, Staphylococcus, and pseudomonas. Blood agar and Muller Hinton were used as cultures media Result of pre-phytochemical testes as fallows: 84 percent of plant species had Saponin 42 percent of plant species had Tannin 45 percent of plant species had Flavonoid 13 percent of plant species had Alkaloid 69 species had attractive antimicrobial effect and three species including Epilobium hirsutum, Centaurea bruguierana and Centaurea virgata were the best ones. The most sensitive organism was staphylococcus and the most no sensitive was pseudomonas. Phythochemical tests showed that the many of Taleghan’s native species has Saponin and on this result, there is a chance for discovering some suitable species having steroidal components. Numbers of plants with Tannin and Flavonoid were the same and Alkaloid containing plants are very less. Antibacterial tests showed that there is many species effective on tested bacteria’s and the Saponin containing plants are the best ones.

Introduction: Floods are one of the natural hazards that cause a lot of financial and human losses every year. Flood zoning plans contain basic and important information in the study of development projects in the world, and before any investment or implementation of development plans, its review is on the agenda of relevant organizations. The Taleghan River has faced numerous floods over the years. However, no comprehensive studies have been conducted in this regard regarding the damage caused by the flood of Taleghan River and its zoning. The town of Taleghan, which is the main population settlement in the region, passes through and the construction of residential and commercial buildings along the river is expanding. Taleghan has identified the areas most affected by flood risk and using ARC GIS software to determine these areas in the form of a zoning map. Preparation of flood risk zoning map using FuzzyVIKOR method and by determining the weight through critic for 7 effective criteria in evaluating flood zones including: altitude, slope, slope directions, land use, geology, distance from waterway and average rainfall, Done. The results of this study, which has been prepared in five categories, show that 83% of the total area of the basin includes safe or low-risk areas. However, 17% of its lands have moderate and high flood risk, which includes areas around the main waterway and sub-waterways with residential and agricultural uses in the basin. Therefore, the need to respect the Taleghan River in low and medium slope lowlands, in the development of rural urban uses in the region, in order to reduce floods, should be implemented. Materials and methods: The present research is descriptive-analytical in terms of method and applied research in terms of purpose. Many factors must be considered in flood zoning, each of which has a different degree of importance. In this study, based on previous experiences, the factors that had the greatest impact on flood occurrence in the Taleghan watershed were selected in the VIKOR Fuuzy model. The data used in this study include sea level elevation, slope, slope directions, average rainfall, distance from waterway lines, land use and formation, which were used to determine areas vulnerable to floods. Some part of the required data including Digital Elevation Model (DEM), land use map of the region and map of geological formations be collected in raw form with a shape file format in the scale of 1: 250, 000 from the rangeland and watershed management department of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran. Elevation, slope and geographical aspect maps were extracted from DEM 10 m. The layer of waterways, including permanent canals and rivers, was provided by the National Forests, Rangelands and Watershed Management Organization. The map contains same rain line is received from the Meteorological Organization. the raster map of the average precipitation of the basin it was prepared based on the information of the precipitation rain lines and the statistics of rainfall data related to 5 stations of Dizan, Ciancranchal, Gotehdeh, Jostan, Glird, Armut and Zidasht, using the Interpolation technique. The criteria were normalized after preparing the maps (GIS READY) and applying the required edits such as defining the unit coordinate system for the maps, eliminating the errors that occurred during digitization and reducing the descriptive data by adding a new column to the related descriptive information table. All the maps were converted from Vector format to Raster, after the normalization step, and then the layers were weighed through the Critic method. Using the VIKOR model and the weights that obtained by the Critic method, which were calculated in Excel software, the value of the Vikor index (Q) was obtained for each of the options (pixels). Finally, the ultimate map of flood risk zoning in Taleghan watershed was obtained by assigning the values of Vikor index (Q) obtained from the previous step to each of the relevant points (options), by ARC GIS software. Results and discussion: The results of flood zoning map show that 83% of the total area of the basin includes safe or low risk areas. However, 17% of this area has a moderate and high flood risk, which mostly includes urban, rural settlements, orchards and agricultural lands, which shows the importance of paying attention to proper management in these areas. According to the obtained results, it can be said the distance from the waterway in Taleghan watershed has had a significant effect on the amount of flooding, so that by moving away from the main waterway and sub-waterways of the basin, the risk of floods and flooding is reduced. Becomes. The results of the terming flood risk zoning, show that 27 villages and settlements out of 68 villages in the region are in high-risk areas, including the villages of Eskan, Gotehdeh, Narian, Prachan, Mehran, Joostan, Nisa Olya, Hasanjoon, Jazan, and Mochan are at the highest risk. Conclusion: Multi-criteria decision analysis methods in GIS have been proven to be a robust approach to generating risk maps with acceptable accuracy. Judgment of the acceptable feature of the model can be made using external information from real ground data. In this study, relatively high compliance with the final zoning map was obtained by examining the history of floods in the study area.

Land as one of the integral parts of production inputs, not only, plays a critical role in agriculture and natural resource management but also is important part of national economy. Landuse changes as a function of environmental and human driving force has caused serious impacts on environment, economy and society over the past decades. Thus, having knowledge on the type of landuse and its changes over the time is one of the main issues for planning and policy making. Current research was conducted to investigate the trend of land use changes in Taleghan throughout remote sensing and GIS. For this purpose, based on multi-temporal data of TM (1987) and ETM+ (2000), land use maps were extracted by digital image classification and maximum likelihood procedure. The extracted maps with the field observation data were imported into GIS and the amount and type of changes were calculated using change detection extension. According to the results the trend of landuse changes in range and abandoned lands was considerable. Abandoned lands have been increased from 8% to 16%, while rangelands showed the major reduction of 11%. The amount of reduction is very low fpr orchards, agricultural lands and rainfed lands. Due to spectral similarities between abandoned areas and rangelands the necessity of application of more accurate method for land use change detection is needed. On the other hand, because of close relationship between landuse changes and human driving force it can be concluded that such a landuse changes pattern are related to population status that calls for more researches.

Classifying daily climate circulation patterns has always been considered by climatologists. Investigating climate changes such as rainfall and the temperature in a same single time and place suggests that these changes are strongly influenced by atmospheric circulation patterns.Regarding so, climate changes, known as variables here, such as rainfall, temperature, and other related phenomena, which are exemplified as flood, drought, glacial, and etc. are associated with special types of climate circulation patterns. The continuity and alternation of the systems are classified or identified climatically, therefore weather classification system is one of the main objectives of the synoptic climatology (Huth, 1996). Since every weather type creates its own special environmental condition, lack of identification in weather type frequencies leads to a difficult environmental explanation and alternation (Alijani, 1380: 64)…..

We report the first thermoluminescence ages for the quaternary sediments of the Taleghan Drainage Basin which is located in Alborz geological zone and in central Alborz sub- zone and about 90 Km northwest of Tehran, Iran. Quaternary deposits in this region have been formed of four terraces (Oldest to youngest: Qt1, Qt2, Qt3 and Qt4). In this researche we study three terraces include Qt2, Qt3 and Qt4. Three samples were collected from the Qt4 (Toria wart), three samples were collected from Qt3 (Wurm) and finally seven samples was taken from Qt2 (Riss) for thermoluminescence datig. Thermoluminescence (TL) samples prepared for dating using fine grain method and were analyzed using the combined additive and regenerative method, separated from the bulk sediment sample. Samples from the Toria War terrace yielded ages of 4650+520 years (M114-4), 5000±600 years (M 5-3), and 5200±680 years (M 5-2). Two Samples from the Wurm terrace (agriculture) yielded ages of 9100±800years (M 110-3) and 9400±950 years (M 113-4). A Sample from the Wurm terrace (rangeland) yielded ages of 15600±2000years (M 16-4). The oldest age obtioned from the Riss terrace is 54900±8700 years (M 16-5).sample M123-41 from the Riss yielded an age of>100000 year and we can’t exactly determine age because of TL saturation. we theorize that Riss deposition occurs during arid and cold periods, Wurm deposition occurs at humid (pluvial)–arid transitions and Toria War deposition occurs during flooding periods. However, given the paucity of absolute ages for Taleghan sediments and the general complexity of erosion–deposition processes in most watersheds, more work is required to confirm or reject this theory. In general, luminescence ages were stratigraphically, geomorphically and ordinally consistent and TL ages could be correlated with climatic events. Based upon the TL dating we propose to divide Wurm to two sections, Wurm 1 (agriculture with 0-10% slope) with 9000 years age and Wurm 2 (rangeland with 10- 40% slope) with 15600 years age.