The present study has been dedicated to analyzing the photocatalytic activity and chemical stability of (TiO2) nanoparticles, which in turn, could be employed in environmental and medical applications, such as antimicrobial coatings and cancer therapy. The work was focused on the synthesis of Titanium dioxide nanoparticles ((TiO2)) using Titanium tetraisopropoxide Ti[OCH(CH₃)₂]₄ dissolved in isopropyl alcohol, sonication, and hydrothermal method at 140°C. The nanoparticles were afterwards cleaned, centrifuged, and dried by oven at 50°C for 3h, and stored at refrigerator until use. In the characterization of the fabricated nanoparticles, an anatase tetragonal phase with a particle size of around 74 nm was established. XRD analyses (X-ray diffraction) were exploited to learn more about the nanostructure, crystallite dimensions, and crystallographic planes. Spectroscopy of (TiO2) was done using UV-Vis absorbance, and the results were in line with (TiO2) photocatalytic activity which is particularly due to its interaction with light at 385 nm. The antibacterial properties of the nanoparticles were demonstrated in biological evaluations, and they were found to be effective against Proteus mirabilis. This may lead to finding out ways of using them for microbial targeting. Besides, the nanoparticles demonstrated concentration-dependent antioxidant properties, which were responsible for the suppression of oxidative stress. Moreover, (TiO2) showed the anti-cancer effects against Human Skin Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HSSCC) concentrating and time-dependent cell death processes. The research, further, studied the role of (TiO2) nanoparticles in the suppression of biofilms, especially against staphylococcal biofilms, but had a limited effect in the species like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, suggesting that the strategies should be specific to applications. In general, the (TiO2) nanoparticles synthesized demonstrate a wide range of applications in medicine and environment with their antibacterial, anti-oxidant and anti-cancer properties.

The advantages of nanoparticles in the treatments of cancer are rapidly growing, chemotherapy is considered the common treatment for cancer, and radiation and surgery treatment have their disadvantages because it lacks the target of the drug delivery. This study is directing a great deal of attention to (TiO2)-NPs that are produced by the methods of green synthesis. These nanoparticles could act as drug transport and carriers and in some cases also as drug replacements for the treatment of cancer. In this study, (TiO2)-NPs that are non-toxic and also cost-effective were prepared employing the gall plant extract of Quercus infectoria. Green-treated (TiO2)-NPs were measured on their purity and were pure; the investigations were carried out through UV–Vis- spectrophotometer, and the diffraction of X-ray (XRD). The analysis of specific and targeting the functional groups responsible for (TiO2)-NPs reduction were performed via spectroscopy of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to confirm the formation of spherical shapes of (TiO2)-NPs. 

Objective(s): Photo-thermal therapy (PTT) is a therapeutic method in which photon energy is converted into heat to induce hyperthermia in malignant tumor cells. In this method, energy conversion is performed by nanoparticles (NPs) to enhance induced heat efficacy. The low-cytotoxicity and high optical absorbance of NPs used in this technique are very important. In the present study, Titanium dioxide ((TiO2)) NPs were used as agents for PTT. For increasing water dispersibility and biocompatibility, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-(TiO2) NPs (PEGylated (TiO2) NPs) were synthesized and the effect of these NPs on reducing melanoma tumor size after PTT was experimentally assessed. Materials and Methods: To improve the dispersibility of (TiO2) NPs in water, PEG was used for wrapping the surface of (TiO2) NPs. The formation of a thin layer of PEG around the (TiO2) NPs was confirmed through thermo-gravimetric analysis and transmission electron microscopy techniques. Forty female cancerous mice were divided into four equal groups and received treatment with NPs and a laser diode (λ = 808 nm, P = 2 W & I = 2 W/cm2) for seven min once in the period of the treatment. Results: Compared to the mice receiving only the laser therapy, the average tumor size in the mice receiving (TiO2)-PEG NPs with laser excitation treatment sharply decreased. Conclusion: The results of animal studies showed that PEGylated (TiO2) NPs were exceptionally potent in destroying solid tumors in the PTT technique.