Introduction: Currently, a substance called casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate has been used as a substitute for fluoride mouthwash. This study aimed to compare the remineralization rate of fluoridated GC Tooth mousse with concomitant use of fluoride mouthwash and GC Tooth mousse on demineralized enamel lesions.Materials & Methods: In this laboratory study, 50 samples were selected from 30 intact human premolars, halved into buccal and lingual segments, and randomly divided into five groups. Enamel health was recorded using a DIAGNOdent device and Vickers micro hardness test.Afterwards, the remineralized agents were applied to the surface of samples for two weeks as follows: 1) Control, 2) Fluoridated GC Tooth mousse, 3) GC Tooth mousse, 4) Sodium fluoride mouthwash and 5) Sodium fluoride mouthwash+GC Tooth mousse. Repeatedly, enamel remineralization values were recorded via DIAGNOdent device, and data were analyzed using one-way and two-way repeated measures ANOVA tests.Results: Our findings indicated that no significant difference was observed between remineralization rate of fluoridated GC Tooth mousse and concomitant use of fluoride mouthwash and GC Tooth mousse, evaluated by DIAGNOdent device (P=0.959) and Vickers micro hardness test (P=0.884).Conclusion: According to the results, application of fluoridated GC Tooth mousse with concomitant use of fluoride mouthwash and GC Tooth mousse had a similar impact on remineralization of demineralized enamel lesions.

Background and Aim: The important role of genetics has been recognized in recent years with respect to the understanding of Tooth agenesis (TA). Identification of genetic mutations in individuals with Tooth agenesis or other dental anomalies will enable preclinical diagnosis and improves orthodontic treatment. The aim of the present study is to assess the relationship between T.A and MSXI mutation.Methods &Materials: Case group consisted of 20 individuals with T.A and control group consisted of 20 individuals with complete set of dentition. Blood samples were collected and DNA's were extracted with P.C.I Ext Method. DNA's were amplified with PCR technique and after addition of Ban II on PCR product, presence or absence of MSXI mutation was evaluated. Evaluation was based on presence of additional DNA band in gel of electrophoresis in case group. Chi square test was used to compare two qualitative traits. Results: Ban II had no effect on DNA of control group (195 bp) and digested the defected Allele in case group (106 bp and 89 bp.) (P-valve <0/001).Conclusion: In control group no mutation had occurred and all of individuals in case group, had heterozygous mutations and there is a high significant statistical relation ship between T.A and MSXI mutations. Given the absence of Tooth follicle in dental radiography, formation or agenesis of the mentioned Tooth can be determined by means of explained method of present study. After all, performing a blood test can prognosticate whether the future Tooth can be developed or not.

This paper describes and compares two species of Aphanius consisting A. vladykovi from Chaghakhor wetland (Chaharmahal-va-Bakhteyari province) and A. sophiae from Qomy-Abad Of varamine (Tehran province). In total, 59 morphometric and meristic characters were measured for each specimen. Ordination based on first and second factors resulted from Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that two species are significantly different.(Males and females were compared separately to obviate sexual variation (A. vladykovi. 30 males and 26 females) (A. sophiae 22 males and 20 females). In females the characters consisting of predorsal length, preanal length, body depth, total length, head length, head width, prepelvic length and head depth were associated with the first component which accounted for 27% of the total variance. In males the characters consisting of head length, pre dorsal length, total length, preanal lengtn, head depth, postorbital length, head depth, pre pelvic length, caudal peduncle depth, mouth width and anal fin length were associated with the first component which accounted for about 33 % of the total variance in scores.

Introduction: Since bleaching causes changes on dental tissue and affects adhesive bond strengths, it is useful to recognize bonding systems which provide higher bond strengths on the dentin after bleaching. Materials & Methods: Forty eight human sound premolars were selected and sectioned 5mm below the CEJ. In order to do the bleaching process, the access cavity preparation was done and after the excavation of pulp tissue, and placement of the hybrid glass ionomer base at the apex, the teeth were bleached using the 35% hydrogen peroxide for 4 times. The teeth were then embedded in a self-cured acrylic resin and polished to obtain a flat dentin surface. The teeth were assigned into 4 groups according to the adhesive system used (n=12): group 1: Single Bond (SB), group 2: Prime & Bond NT (P&B), group 3: Clearfil SE Bond (CSE) and group 4: Opti Bond (All in one) (OB). The adhesive systems were used according to the manufacturer’s instructions and a cylinder of composite resin Z100 was overlied. The teeth were thermocycled and the shear bond strength tests were performed in a universal testing machine with cross head speed of 1mm/min. Results: CSE had the highest bond strength (15.18 MPa) and SB had the lowest one (8.10 MPa). One Way ANOVA and independent sample t-test showed that the difference in bond strength values among the different types or generations of bondings was statistically significant except for the SB and P&B systems (P<0.05). Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, it is concluded that two step “self-etch” adhesives (CSE) are preferred to use for the teeth undergoing “Non vital Tooth bleaching” with 35% hydrogen peroxide than the one step “self-etch” adhesives (OB) or two step “etch & rinse” adhesives (SB, P&B).

Toothbrush is a well-known tool in oral care. Effective Tooth brushing can help in the management of dental caries and periodontal disease. Familiarity of children with this device is important. Dentists and their assistant need adequate information about children's oral hygiene to educate them and their parents. The aim of this review was to pinpoint the main issues of brushing teeth in children such as Toothbrush design, methods of Tooth brushing, and possible hazards of Tooth brushing. In conclusion, Tooth brushing twice daily under parent's supervision is recommended. Parents can help children and keep them safe from possible hazardous events.

Background: As a person ages, the adult teeth often become darker due to changes in the mineral structure of the Tooth, as the enamel becomes less porous. Teeth can also become stained by bacterial pigments, foodstuffs and tobacco. Dental bleaching was introduced in dentistry in 1877. However, due to modern standards of beauty, this treatment modality has been in great demand and has been the subject of various scientific researches. Therefore, this procedure has undergone many changes. Nevertheless, the action mechanism remains the same, consisting of an oxide reduction reaction with release of active oxygen, free radicals in a solvent (especially water) in which the substance to be bleached donates electrons to the bleaching agent, normally hydrogen peroxide. Due to its low molecular weight, the bleaching agent penetrates through the porosities of the enamel prisms, reaches the dentin, comes into contact with a large quantity of pigmented organic molecules and breaks them up into shorter and lighter chains that allow the absorption of light in shorter wavelengths. To accelerate this process of oxidation, various sources of energy can be used, such as heat and light. Bleaching corrects or improves the color of teeth, and is also the least expensive esthetic treatment option. The indications are acquired superficial stains, penetration and absorbed stains, age-related stains, patients who desire conservative treatment to improve appearance, color change related to pulp trauma and necrosis, and interproximal discolorations.Material and methods: A search was performed using the keywords “Tooth bleaching” and “laser” to identify the current literature on the Tooth bleaching with laser. The related articles were searched in databases including IDL, Pub med, Google scholar, and Medline from 2004 to 2010.Results: It is found that selective diode laser radiation can decrease the time of bleaching without surface modification. No differences between enamel surfaces were observed.Discussion: Currently, the laser has been proven to be the most valuable energy source for power bleaching with simple and short application in the office.

Introduction: The mandibular and maxillary third molars are one of the most prevalent impacted teeth. Third molars grow last and it is probable that they face space insufficiency which leads to their impaction. Impacted third molar should be removed from oral cavity surgically due to various side effects which are periodontal problems of second molar and the possibility of root resorption, tumors and cysts, weakness of mandible bone, idiopathic pains. Hence, they should be surgically removed which diminishes further risks. However, the operation may lead to periodontal problems of adjacent second molar Tooth and periodontal pocket. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of maxillary third molar removal on the periodontal condition of second molar. Materials and Methods: 30 patients who were undergoing oral surgery (Third molar extraction) in the Clinic of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (Iran) in age group of 22 to 26 years enrolled in this study. Pocket depth, attachment loss, plaque index, bleeding on probing were evaluated in middistal, distobuccal, and distolingual sides of second molars pre and 6 months post operation. Results: The pocket depth (P=0. 187) and attachment loss (P=0. 532) were insignificantly increased in two times (pre operation and 6 months post operation). Plaque (P<0. 001), gingival index (P=0. 006), and bleeding on probing (P=0. 008) were significantly decreased in during time (plaque index=P<0. 001). Conclusion: The results indicated that maxillary third molar operation does not negatively affect the periodontal tissues of second molar and this operation does not have any effect on life teeth.