Decomposition of soil organic matter by microorganisms is a major process governing the carbon balance between soil and atmosphere which needs to be fully understood. Extracellular enzyme activity is often the limiting factor for microbial utilization of soil organic matter. Contrary to expectations, we observed that enzymatic activity rises at increasing temperatures in soils and sediments. Current climatic change will induce the increase of global mean temperatures, frequency of extreme heat events and soil temperatures during the next decades. The relevance of the increase in activity at high temperature is dependent on latitude. At latitudes around and below 40° a significant number of days per year present high temperatures. Results suggest that the hydrolytic activity of microbial extracellular enzymes is currently underestimated mainly at medium and low latitudes where soil temperatures frequently reach high values (often above 40oC). This report contributes to understand (1) the hydrolysis of soil organic matter within a latitude-dependent scenario of global warming and (2) the role of microorganisms in processing soil organic matter and their influence in carbon cycling.

Asian Journal of Sports Medicine, Volume 4 (Number 1), March 2013, Pages: 82-83 We read with interest the article recently published in the September issue of the Asian Journal of Sports Medicine by Loenneke et al. We were particularly interested in the section that stated; ‘The BIA device investigated in this study did not provide a valid estimate of fat free mass index (FFMI) in male and female collegiate athletes. Although there was a general tendency for the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) to underestimate FFMI compared to DEXA, 98% of the estimates were within plus or minus 2 kg/m2.Therefore, while slightly biased, BIA may provide a reasonable (± 2 kg/ m2) estimate of nutritional status for practitioners who are unable able to afford more expensive equipment’.

Background: Breast intraductal lesions present a diagnostic challenge due to the diverse spectrum of histologic changes. Vacuum-assisted biopsy (VAB) has evolved as a pivotal diagnostic and therapeutic modality. Yet, concerns about the Underestimation of malignancy using VAB persist. This review examines the Underestimation rates of Ultrasound-guided VAB (US-VAB) for intraductal lesions and evaluates the effectiveness of VAB in addressing pathological nipple discharge (PND). Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive search was performed across Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science. Studies detailing the Underestimation rates of intraductal breast lesions diagnosed by US-VAB and cure rates for PND post-VAB excision were selected. Statistical analysis comprised a random effects proportion meta-analysis. Results: In this research, 31 studies were deemed eligible: 26 for Underestimation and 5 for PND cure rates post-US-VAB. Quantitative synthesis focused on studies reporting data on atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) or ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) due to limited availability for other pathologies. The pooled Underestimation rate for ADH was 6.14% (95% CI: 1.59%-12.43%). The pooled Underestimation rate for DCIS was 13.26% (95% CI: 6.69%-21.08%). PND's pooled cure rate post-US-VAB was 93.32% (95% CI: 82.34%-99.70%). Conclusion: This systematic review and meta-analysis show that US-VAB delivers low ADH Underestimation rates, moderate DCIS Underestimation rates, and acceptable PND cure rates in breast intraductal lesions.

Aim: This study aims to correct undercounts in cancer data before initiating a population-based cancer registry program, employing an innovative Bayesian methodology. Background: Underestimation is a widespread issue in cancer registries within developing countries. Methods: This secondary study utilized cancer registry data. We employed the Bayesian approach to correct undercounting in cancer data from 2005 to 2010, using the ratio of pathology to population-based data in the Golestan province as the initial value. Results: The results of this study showed that the lowest percentage of undercounting belonged to Khorasan Razavi province with an average of 21% and the highest percentage belonged to Sistan and Baluchestan province with an average of 38%. The average age-standardized incidence rate (ASR) for all provinces of the country except Golestan province was equal to 105. 72 (Confidence interval (CI) 95% 105. 35-106. 09) per 100, 000 and after Bayesian correction was 137. 17 (CI 95% 136. 74-137. 60) per 100, 000. In 2010 the amount of ASR before Bayesian correction was 100. 28 (CI 95% 124. 39-127. 09) per 100, 000 for women and 136. 49 (CI 95% 171. 20-174. 38) per 100, 000 for men. Also, after implementing the Bayesian correction, ASR increased to 125. 74 per 100, 000 for women and 172. 79 per 100, 000 for men. Conclusion: The study demonstrates the effectiveness of the Bayesian approach in correcting undercounting in cancer registries. By utilizing the Bayesian method, the average ASR after Bayesian correction with a 29. 74 percent change was 137. 17 per 100, 000. These corrected estimates provide more accurate information on cancer burden and can contribute to improved public health programs and policy evaluation. Furthermore, this research emphasizes the suitability of the Bayesian method for addressing Underestimation in cancer registries. It also underscores its pivotal role in shaping the trajectory of future investigations in this field