An optimization model with a linear objective function subject to a system of fuzzy relation equations with Yager's Union operator in special case is presented. The solution set of such a fuzzy relation equations is a non-convex set. In this paper, we characterize the feasible solution set and then, optimize a linear objective function. In order to optimize it, we convert it to an equivalent problem involving 0-1 integer programming with a branch-and-bound solution technique. Furthermore, a concrete example is included for illustration purpose.

An optimization model with a multi objective function subject to a system of fuzzy relation equations with Yager’s Union operator is presented. The solution set of such a fuzzy relation equations is a non-convex set. Thus, the ordinary methods such as simplex or interior point methods don't use for solving these problems. In this paper, we first characterize the feasible solution set and then, optimize a linear objective function. In order to optimize it, we convert it to an equivalent problem involving 0-1 integer programming with a branch-and-bound solution technique. Finally, we optimize a multi objective function with LP metric methods. Furthermore, a concrete example is included for illustration purpose.

The purpose of the present study was to identify the lived experiences of the members of the East Azarbaijan Teachers chr('39')Union of the challenges and problems of the teacherschr('39') Union. The nature of this research was a qualitative descriptive phenomenology based on the lived experiences of the members of the teacherschr('39') Union. The statistical population of the study included all members of the East Azarbaijan Teacherschr('39') Union, where 12 people were invited to participate using purposive sampling method and in terms of theoretical saturation among teachers who had experience in Union activities. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. To confirm the validity and accuracy of the research, the validity, reliability and verifiability of the data were examined. Data were analyzed using Klaizi method. . In general, the research findings included two general dimensions: 1-activities of Teacherschr('39') Union (including 5 main themes: improving teachers, Cultural-political interaction and bargaining, Correcting the problems of the educational system, Improving the professional identity of teachers, Organizing and managing protests), 2-problems and challenges of Teacherschr('39') Union( including 3 main themes: government problems and obstacles, Problems within the Union of activists, Problems related to teachers). The results showed that teachers are trying to present their demands to the government and create the necessary pressure by forming civil and non-political classes. Among these, the most important of these organizations, which has no affiliation with the government and politics, is the Independent Teacherschr('39') Union, which works to fulfill the rights and demands of teachers.

The EU, which has its roots in the early fifties, in a short time reached nearly all aims to which the founders had refereed. Establishing the major institutions and promoting its Member States to cooperate in economic, social, political and recently in military issues, the EU is going to attain the old aspiration of the Europeans, i.e., a United States of Europe. In this regard, the conclusion of the main Treaties and providing ways and procedures for cooperation in different sections, without doubt is the cornerstone of that unity.Nowadays, the major issue which has been tackled by the lawyers and politicians, both inside and outside of the EU, is the issue of the constitution for this intergovernmental organization as it is the illustration of the main will of the Europeans toward a likely federal states similar to that of the USA.The question of the possibility of having a constitution may arise. Further it may be asked whether or not the early Treaties would be regarded as having such status.This Article, having in mind the importance of these Treaties, is going to find out an acceptable answer to that and in case that the answer is affirmative, the possibility of these documents to be as the EU Constitution, will be considered.  

Treaty of Maastricht had visualized provision that after attaining a common currency in 1999 the grounds should be prepared for a European constitution. This action plan was to be pursued by European elite who were patronizing European unity. In 2002 Valerie Giscard. D Estaing, the former French president, along with some specialists were assigned the task of compiling the draft of the constitution. But due to certain developments this draft of the constitution was faced with negation. These developments were, the sudden changes in Europe and the ensuing hesitation and reservation among the big and small countries of the European Union, the worries and concerns of some social layers of the European population who were protected by their government subsidy policy. As a result there was a negation of the European constitution. These reactions again raised doubt about the pace of European integration and its limits. This set back in the process of European unity led the Union officials to sign Lisbon Agreement of 2007. Now the question is to what extent can Europe advance in the process of unity? What will be the fate of the efforts to form a European constitution which is an intergovernmental agreement and could never substitute the national constitutions or what will be the future of other similar efforts?

Regional technology and innovation development is one of the key factors in regional development in countries worldwide. Moreover, the increasing attention of policymakers to the topics related to regional innovation development, technology and innovation development in provinces increases the necessity of understanding different aspects of this concept and its conceptual framework so that policy actors are able to analyze and give policy advice. In line with the third generation of regional innovation policies and the theoretical foundations of the regional innovation system, in the EU, strategies such as the Regional Technology Program (later known as the Regional Innovation Strategy), "Regional Technology and Innovation Transfer Strategies and Infrastructures", "Technology Transfer Project" and "Research and Technology Development Policy" were applied. Research and Innovation Strategies for Smart Specialisations (RIS3) is the last version of regional innovation strategies presented by EU. This strategy is considered as an integrated and place-based agendas leading to economic transformation by making research and innovation more consistent with local strengths and competitive advantages. In this paper, while trying to conceptualize this strategy, the policy context as well as its dimensions and stages will be outlined.

Russia's foreign policy has undergone many changes in the last decade. Putin's policies have continued until 2021 and he has changed toward a pragmatic approach to dynamism and initiative in regional and international developments. The Various factors have been influential in this direction. The Regional convergence in the near abroad has always been a priority for Moscow. Russia has tried to use the political, security and economic potential of the Eurasian region in geopolitical rivalries. One of the developments in recent years is the creation of the Eurasian Economic Union, which can play an important and effective role in advancing Russia's foreign policy goals. This study seeks to answer the question of how effective the Eurasian Economic Union will be in achieving Russia's foreign policy goals. What are its prospects and challenges? And what opportunities can be imagined for the cooperation of the Islamic Republic of Iran with this economic Union? The theoretical framework of the research is based on the theory of neoclassical realism. This theory considers the factors of domestic, regional level and the structure of the international system in evaluating foreign policy. The research method is descriptive-analytical and uses documentary and library information and data.