Undoubtedly, Dawani is one of the most prominent figures that came to the world of being after the Mongols' attack on Iran (which led to the annihilation of philosophy and culture in this country) and in the time interval between the development of the illuminative School of Philosophy and the formation of the Transcendent Philosophy (by Mulla Sadra). Dawani's significance lies not only in his numerous writings but also in his benefiting from a kind of independence in his thoughts, which led to the development of a number of innovative ideas. In addition to being famous as the commentator of Shaykh al-Ishraq's works, he had also complete dominance over Ibn Sina's works and, in many case, he sought help from his words in order to explain his points. The other point that we will deal with in this paper is the effect of accepting gnostic works on his thoughts. Perhaps, we can say that the most important of Dawani's ideas is the one related to the Unity of being (which he himself refers to as dhawq fa 'alluh or the theologian's taste). He has tried to not only bring his other thoughts in harmony with it but also use it to demonstrate other issues. When discussing the issues of existence and quiddity, cause and effect, etc., Dawani argues based on dhawq fa 'alluh. He also resorts to it when demonstrating the other aspects of oneness (oneness in the necessity of existence, oneness in acts, and oneness in attributes). Accordingly, after explaining the Unity of being in his view, we will present his words concerning the other types of Unity.

"Unity in multiplicity and multiplicity in Unity" is an effectual doctrine in explaining the purposes of transcendental wisdom, particularly the unification (tawhid) of existence. Transcendental theosophers like mystics have emphasized this doctrine. For clarifying the different features of this issue, they have put the explanation of the monistic worldview in variegated expressions. Individual Unity of existence utilizes justification, explanation, and argumentation to emphasize both Unity and multiplicity in the same way. Each of These justifications is illuminating in divine wisdom under abbreviations or fundamental principles. Provided good explanations, essence (haqiqah) and thinness (raqiqah), apparent (Zahir) and manifester (Muzhir), and Simple Essence (Basit al-haqiqah) are those doctrines which are very illuminating in transcendental wisdom. Besides, the principle of "Unity in multiplicity and multiplicity in Unity" with distinct formulation, has been developed and led the audience to individual Unity of existence. Picking some passages from Aqa Ali Modarres' writings and abrading them together, some amateurs in transcendental wisdom expressed that this doctrine in his philosophy is restricted to the gradation of existence and is in contrast to individual Unity of existence. Reviewing the claims in these articles and finding the explanation of this doctrine among explicit sayings of Aqa Ali Modarres will pave the way for the sound understanding of transcendental theology.

The theory of the Unity of the world was considered in different types in the history of human's thought. The supporters of this theory have tried to prove it in many ways. In contrast to this theory, there is the concept of possible Worlds that accept multiplicity of the world.In this paper we try to have a critical discussion on each of these two theories. Then we evaluate the reasons and justifications of each of them.

In the history of Islamic thought, the conflicting views of the believers of “Unity of being” have led to different interpretations, in as much as, some of these believers have claimed the novelty and uniqueness of their own theories. As a prominent example Ibn Sab‘in, a controversial Andalusian mystic, regards his theory of “absolute Unity of being” as an essentially distinguished theory in the history of Islamic thought. Examining this claim, this article has arrived to the conclusion that it is not true. In fact, his theory is the continuation of the tradition of Muslim mystics.

Some the opponents of the theory of "Unity of Existence" is completely rejecting it, and some have some interpretation of it. Ghias ad-Din Mansour Dashtaki is one of those who interpreted it as the "Unity of intuition". It means that the mystic arrives in a state becoming unaware of all things but God. However, one can find, in his works, cases he defends the Unity of existence too. We can conclude that his prevailing theory is the Unity of intuition, and his confusion between the Unity of existence and Unity of intuition is the result of some matters such as his failing to distinguish between different views, being influenced by the dispute occurred between him and Jalal al-Din Dawani and his try to deal with the ignorant Sufis of his time.

Mahmoud Sami Al -Baroudi is one of the pioneers of modem Arabic poetry. He is one of those poets who endowed a new life to classical poetry and gave it a new strength and life. He perfectly understood the duty of poetry towards the time and the society. As a result, he introduced the social topics such as justice, equality and consulation in poetry. This innovation paved the way for young poets such as Hafiz Ebrahim and Ahmad Shoughi and others. Al - Baroudi"s life and poetry is and indication of his strong Faith and absolute surrender to God. In his thought real reform in different dimensions, especially in poetry, is only possible with regard to religion. Thus in his Divan we can see few Qasidas in which there is not different allusions to religion and religeous concepts. He was a teacher of the Holy Quran an he has expressed and reflected his Quranic learning in his poetry, especially on occassions that he is praising God and enumerate his attributions.

The concept of "Unity of existence" is one of the most prominent and attractive concepts in Islamic philosphy and mystic. It is assumed that the views of the seventh-centurey gnostics are significant in the elaboration of this concept. Also those views may significantly contribute to further research on this topic. In this respect, the mystical works of Sheikh Aziz Ibne Muhammad- e nasafi, the great Sufi of that centurey may prove as useful sources. His views as a scholar who has creatively and carefully sorted a wide range of ideas concerning Unity of existence are highly beneficial to our understanding of the fundamentals of this concept. In this paper attempts are made to examine Nasafi"s taxonomy of the ideas about Unity of existence as well as his criteria for classification. Further, the study may shed light on Nasafi"s own positions concerning Unity of existence.

Essentiality of existence, established on stable demonstrations in Sdra's transcendent philosophy, led to a deep transformation in theology and philosophy. This paper, having explained the problem of essentiality of existence, has sought to prove its relationship to the Unity of existence. The main question, therefore, poses itself as: does the proved relationship lead to the Unity of Necessary Being? The author has concluded that after proving the essentiality and Unity of existence, one can prove the Unity of the Necessary Being.

After the conquest of Syria, the danger of reoccupying that region by Eastern Roman Empire was great. But, the Empire could not reoccupy Syria. The main reason for that was the social Unity of Syrians in that time. Although some valuable information is available, there has not yet been an independent study on the issue. In this article, the writer tries to shed more light on the said Unity. In this respect, the background of social instability resulting from the land quarrel in contemporary Syria, Byzantine's political and economic interests there, and the Arab immigration program to Syria will be studied.

To achieve a certain knowledge and to get rid of doubt and scepticism in the living and believing issues which are tied to various arenas of the life and final destiny of the man and provide for the purpose of his creation, is among unique necessities and ideals of all the people. The intellectual and practical infallibility of Prophets and Imams (PBUT) which have been emphasized in the Shiite culture, is among the mechanisms of this certain knowledge, without which intellectual security and spiritual and mental tranquility would not be possible when deliberate and undeliberate outlines and errors would continue to annoy the soul and thought of the man. For this reason believing in and acceptance of infallibility may be considered as a secure support for the Unity and consentience of different Islamic sects.Infallibility means guidance and management of the society at least during twelve generations after the demise of the Prophet (PBUH) by those who were are free from and safe against error and mistake, and the immUnity of their words and deeds have been guaranteed by the God, therefore, Muslims may and must hand over the fate of their religion and their world to them without any apprehension. If this divined plan was accepted and put into practice, many of doubts and skepticisms, disputes and quarrels and bereavements among the Islamic sects would not erupt. Alas! This divinely legitimate plan was not implemented as it deserved so consequences and damages of this breach would befall not only Muslims hut also the whole human beings. Without infallibility the Unity between Islamic sects, although being obligatory and necessary according to wisdom and narrations, was and is considered something at the level of the secondary necessities, as "necessities have been destined within the limit of the destiny". It seems that the concept of justice in all the disciples of the Prophet (PBUH), which has been accepted by the Sunni Muslims, and they define justice in a manner that it has no mentionable difference with their infallibility, somehow arises from this epistemological need with a similar place of rise.From this angel and in view of the current circumstances and the overwhelming cultural and political polarizations, and particularly the human and intellectual potentials of the Islamic world, a rational and narrative research on infallibility in a calm, scientific and logical atmosphere free from tension, prejudice and popularity towards achievement of certain knowledge, and satisfaction of educational needs are highly necessary and useful.