Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the fraction rate of Pro Taper Universal and Neoniti rotary files during the preparation of simulated severely-curved root canals.Materials & Methods: A total of 70 resin blocks with simulated severely-curved canals were randomly divided into two groups and prepared with Pro Taper Universal and Neoniti files. Each set of files was used for cleaning and shaping five canals; the files were sterilized after each application. Afterwards, the number of deformed and fractured files was recorded.Results: Deformation was reported in 11.4% and 19% of Pro Taper and Neoniti files, respectively (P>0.05). Also, fraction was found in 11.4% of Pro Taper files, while no fracture was reported in the Neoniti group; overall, no statistically significant difference was found between the groups (P>0.05).Conclusion: Based on the present findings, there was no significant difference between Pro Taper Universal and Neoniti files with respect to the incidence of deformation or fracture during the preparation of severely-curved canals.

Postmodernism represents skepticism toward metanarratives and Universal ideologies that dominated the modernist era. The study focuses on three key postmodernist concepts - alternative assessment, process syllabi, and self-directed learning. Alternative assessment emphasizes evaluating the learning process over summative testing. Process syllabi focus on the learning experience rather than rigid outcomes. Self-directed learning enables student responsibility in setting learning goals and processes. This paper examined the effects of postmodernist educational concepts on improving Iranian EFL learners’ autonomy. A quasi-experimental pre-test/post-test design was utilized with 60 intermediate level Iranian EFL students divided into an experimental and control group (n=30 each). The experimental group received instruction utilizing the three postmodernist concepts over 14 weeks, while the control group received traditional modernist instruction. Autonomy was measured using a validated questionnaire before and after the intervention. The results showed the experimental group demonstrated significant increases in autonomy compared to the control group. Paired sample t-tests revealed significant differences between pre-test and post-test autonomy for the experimental group across all three postmodern concepts - alternative assessment, process syllabi, and self-directed learning. This suggests postmodernist concepts that decentralize instruction and emphasize student process over outcomes can enhance Iranian EFL learners’ self-direction and responsibility for language acquisition. The study implies EFL syllabus designers and instruction should transition to postmodern models centered on individualized assessment, flexible syllabi, and student-guided learning to boost autonomy. Further research can expand sample sizes and explore additional postmodernist concepts across diverse demographics.

Background: Bacterial meningitis is a fatal disease with high mortality and morbidity that needs emergency management. But due to nonspecific signs and symptoms it's diagnosis in children is difficult. Recently procalcitonin has been used for diagnosis of serious bacterial infections like bacterial meningitis. We conducted a prospective study in children for evaluation of procalcitonin in differential diagnosis of acute bacterial and viral meningitis. The aim of this study was the Evaluation of sensitivity and specificity of CSF proca1citonin levels in differentiation between bacterial and viral meningitis in children older than two months, in Markaz Tebbi hospital, during 1382-1383.Materials and Methods: In a prospective process research, we measured CSF procalcitonin levels in 43 children older than two months referred to Markaz Tebbi hospital. According to the results of Universal PCR the patients were divided into two groups: bacterial meningitis (n=11) and nonbacterial meningitis (n=32). To analysis the results, Mann-Whitney test was used.Results: CSF proca1citonin level in bacterial meningitis was significantly higher than viral meningitis (1.72±0.9ng/ml and 0.71±0.04 ng/ml respectively, P value= 0.00). A serum procalcitonin level> 0.5 ng/ml had high sensitivity and specificity (90.1% and 97.1% respectively) in the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis.Conclusion: CSF procalcitonin level seems to be a valuable marker in differentiating between bacterial and viral meningitis.

The purpose of the present paper is to survey and analyse the concept and significance of religious tolerance and Universal brotherhood in Imam Ali’s teachings, especially his Nahj al Balagha. Islam admits the freedom of thought, free expression of opinions, and exercise of independent judgment in religious matters. It also acknowledges tolerance among religions, religious communities, nations and tribes and commands mutual understanding and cooperation among all people as we shall demonstrate with clear proofs. Hazrat Ali, in line with the Islamic teachings, regards the people either brothers in religion or one like you in creation. Therefore, he believes to regarding safety of all people, especially non-Muslims. The principle of equality was established for the entire mankind as its birth right, forbidding inequality or discrimination on the ground of tribe, nationality and family, as mankind belongs to one Universal brotherhood. This Universality is based on three pillars which are first the Universality of the Muhammad and Message and second the Unicity of God and therefore the unity of religions and third the unity of mankind. He sent the holy Prophet to manifest His commands and speak about His remembrance. Consequently, he fulfilled it with trustworthiness, and he passed away while on the right path. Imam Ali believes that the governor must rule with mercy and tolerance towards all his subjects.

The Geneva Convention was first formulated in 1952 and amended in 1971. This convention was initiated by UNESCO and a number of countries including the USA and the former Soviet Union which were seluctant to join the Berne Convention overlooking apparent differences, the basic structure of the two conventions is similar. One difference though is the lower level of protection for the author’s rights in the Geneva Convention in comparison to the Berne Convention. Another difference is that unlike the Berne convention, The principle of the Authors rights in the Geneva convention is conditional to the acceptance of certain ceremonies. This convention is renowned as the Universal convention because it was expected to be joined by all countries. In this convention rconventional rights, the principle of equality of foreign and domestic authors, and ceremonies and policies are all in favor of developing countries, though nothing has been mentioned about the moral rights of the author. In sum, the Geneva Gonvention has not proved to be as successful as it was initialy expected to be.

This article first provides a brief overview of the structure of the classical Grassmann manifold(Grassmannian) and how the Universal Grassmann manifold is constructed using maps. Also, the underlying topological space and its sheaf structure are introduced to some extent in a theorem. Then, we enter the topic of super-geometry and a new type of supergrassmannian is introduced by applying odd involution in super ringed space and gluing superdomains. In a similar way to the normal case, the next infinite supergrassmannians and the canonical super vector bundle on it are introduced in the supergeometry. Here our tools mainly include multilinear algebra between supermatrices and their induced mappings, the direct limit in the topology of the underlying spaces and the inverse limit in the structural sheaf of the spaces. Finally, we show that the resulting super bundle is a global member of the category of the super vector bundle,Structures that are used in the classification of super vector bundles and are in proportion to the homotopy classification.