Introduction: Correction of deep overbite and achieving a long-term stability are still major concerns for many orthodontists. There are three main ways for solving this problem: Bypass arch technique introduced by Ricketts, Segmented arch technique introduced by Burstone and using TADs. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of Ricketts and Burstone techniques during correction of deep overbites.Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial, 18 female patients with Cl I and II occlusion and more than 4 mm of overbite were selected. The subjects were divided into two groups (n=9). The deep overbite in group A was treated with Ricketts technique and Burstone technique was used for correction of overbite in group B. Fifteen jaws were included in each group. Lateral cephalograms before and after intrusion were used to evaluate the results. Data were statistically analyzed with Student’s t-test and SPSS 18 (a=0.05).Results: There was a statistically significant difference in the means of true intrusion and extrusion between groups A and B (p value=0.014 and p value=0.47, respectively). However, overbite reduction was not significantly different between the two groups (p value=0.704). In addition, the differences in mean false intrusion (p value=0.02), changes in the axial inclination of posterior teeth (p value=0.047) and the angle between axial inclination of upper and lower anterior teeth (p value=0.002) were statistically significant between the two groups.Conclusion: Under the limitation of the present study, the results confirmed the superiority of Burstone technique in intruding incisors with less undesirable lateral movements.

In order to extend our understanding of neoclassical school of thought this paper focuses on the Utility doctrine of StaneIy Jevons. More specifically, in an effort to investigate the underlying axioms of this doctrine, our paper concentrates on ethical, philosophical and methodological aspects of "the mechanics of Utility and self-interest". The paper argues that Jevons combines the "Utility" doctrine of Jeremy Bentham with the economic man of Adam Smith to develop his doctrine. This research discusses how Smiths philosophy of ethics enabled Jevons to solve the inconsistency of the Utility theory of Bentham when applied to economics. It is argued that this inconsistency mainly arises ITom the conflict between private and social interests. In order to bypass the criticism arising ITom this conflict, Jevons used Smiths theory to propose that the social benefit can be achieved when a selfish individual peruses his own interest. Moreover, the paper studies the economic method advocated by Jevons and shows how the ratification of this method is the least satisfactory part of his doctrine. The paper concludes that using mathematics, as a major tool in Jevonss doctrine is a natural byproduct of maximization principle and utilitarian approach. Finally, it suggests that one should take into consideration the limitations of Jevonss doctrine before using it as an analytical tool in economics.

The Marble Slurry Wastes (MSW) produced by marble industry is left unattended in the environment which causes serious environmental problems. In order to evaluate its potential usage in normal 1: 2: 4 concrete, this study was designed, where the partial replacement of cement with MSW was examined. Replacement of cement with MSW from 0 to 100%, and also its usage as an additive material 10% and 20% by weight of cement were the main objectives of this study. Various laboratory tests, like compressive strength test, splitting tensile test and slump test were conducted by using local available MSW. The primary chemical composition of the MSW indicated that it contains high contents, nearly 97% of lime (CaO). The laboratory results show that cement in structural concrete can be replaced by MSW up to 7% safely. The compressive and splitting tensile strength of concrete was observed to be increased by 15% and 6% by the addition of 10% MSW. A similarly increase in strength was also observed by adding the 20% of MSW additionally to the normal 1: 2: 4 concrete. However, by the addition of MSW in concrete, its slump strength i.e., its workability is found to be reduced.

A Utility model is an exclusive right granted for an invention, which allows the right holder to prevent others from commercially using the protected invention, without his authorization, for a limited period of time. In its basic definition, which may vary from one country (where such protection is available) to another, a Utility model is similar to a patent. In fact, Utility models are sometimes referred to as "petty patents" or "innovation patents." The present paper highlight the different aspect of the Utility model and in final examines the potential use of Utility models in developing countries.