Visible Light Communication, a key optical wireless technology, offers reliable, high-bandwidth, and secure communication, making it a promising soloution for a variety of applications. Despite its many advantages, optical wireless communication faces challenges in medical environments due to fluctuating signal strength caused by patient movement. Smart transmitter structures can improve system performance by adjusting system parameters to the fluctuating channel conditions. The purpose of this research is to examine how adaptive modulation performs in a medical body sensor network system that uses visible light communication. The analysis focuses on various medical situations and investigates machine learning algorithms. The study compares adaptive modulation based on supervised learning with that based on reinforcement learning. The findings indicate that both approaches greatly improve spectral efficiency, emphasizing the significance of implementing link adaptation in visible light communication-based medical body sensor networks. The use of the Q-learning algorithm in adaptive modulation enables real-time training and enables the system to adjust to the changing environment without any prior knowledge about the environment. A remarkable improvement is observed for photodetectors on the shoulder and wrist since they experience more DC gain.

A Patch antenna is a kind of antenna with a low profile, which can be fixed on a surface.  It communicates and gets electromagnetic waves inferred way. The boundaries of the antenna incorporate radiation design, gain, impedance, and frequency. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is utilized as a substrate in patch antennas. The existence of a tumor can be effectively recognized by the current density of the phantom. The difference in the current density value of phantom without tumor and with tumor shows the presence of the tumor. The first four antenna designs show a huge contrast in current density, the leftover two designs have little distinction of current density worth of phantoms. Six unique constructions of microstrip antenna are intended for skin tumor detection. In these six designs, the model for skin cancer recognition utilizing truncated corner, the working frequency is 2.492 GHz and S11 is –38 dB. The current density of the design relies on phantom characteristics. The acquired current density value of phantom without the growth of the tumor, with tumor, and with dangerous growth of the malignant tumor is (171.562, 193.381, and 204.199) A/m^2 and the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) value is (1.14049, 1.27013 and 1.26088) W/Kg respectively. Visible Light Communication (VLC) system using Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) supports high-speed transmission. The effectively-identified tumor can be communicated through gadgets using Enhanced Reverse Polarity Optical OFDM (ERPO-OFDM) technique. It’s a multicarrier modulation that supports information transmission through Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs).

Visible Light Communication (VLC) has emerged as a powerful technique for wireless communication systems. Providing high data rate and increasing capacity are the major problems in VLC. Recent evidence suggests that Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) technique can offers improved data rates and increased link range. This paper describes the design and implementation of visible light communication system in indoor environment exploring the benefits of MIMO. The specific objective of this research was to implement a 4×4 Multiple Input (LEDs) Multiple Output (photodetectors)-VLC communication system, where a 16 white power LEDs in four arrays are setting up at transmitter and four RX modules are setting up at receiver side without the need for additional power or bandwidth as well as analyze a mathematical model for a VLC-×4 MIMO with different modes such as the suitable angles to cover the entire room. The research designs practically an electronic circuit for the transmitter and receiver with inexpensive components. The power distribution of different propagation modes is calculated for Single Input Single Output (SISO) and MIMO channels in typical room dimensions. The results in this paper indicate that the power is distributed uniformly for entire room when implemented VLC-MIMO as compared to VLC-SISO. Furthermore, a 4×4 MIMO implementing VLC is compared in term of BER vs. SINR with SISO communication system for both Line of Sight (LOS) and Non Line of Sight (NLOS) propagation modes. Comparing the two results of LOS and NLOS, it can be seen that a 4×4 MIMO implementing VLC for LOS perform better than the same system with NLOS due to decreasing in the received power resulted from the multipath effect.

This paper proposes an innovative approach by employing a one-dimensional Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for demodulation in VLC systems. The used Data-set is real and available online, providing a robust foundation for analysis. It encompasses modulated signals in seven different modulation types, with 29 transmission distances ranging from 0 to 140 centimeters. By accounting for the varying distances between the transmitter and receiver, the model can more accurately interpret the received signals. Additionally, the study suggests that utilizing memory to learn previous symbols, which is essential for mitigating the effects of inter-symbol interference (ISI), can significantly improve demodulation accuracy. Our results of memory-based demodulation show a better performance in contrast to the previous one (AdaBoost).

Background: Ecballium elaterium is one of the Cucurbitaceae plants distributed in many regions of the world. This unique species considered as a source of valuable herbal remedies such as anticancer, anti-inflammatoryandantimicrobial in traditional medicine. Objectives: In the current research, cytotoxic activity of different extracts of the aerial parts and rhizomes of E. elaterium was evaluated on cancerous and non-cancerous cells which have not been assessed up to now. Furthermore, chemical compositions of potent samples were determined by GC-MS analysis for the first time. Methods: The air-dried, powdered aerial parts and rhizome of the E. elaterium were Soxhlet-extracted, successively, with different solvents (n-hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol) and then the dried extracts subjected to cytotoxic assay. Subsequently, their anti-proliferative activity was assessed by amodifiedMTT assay. In this study, 4 cancerous cell lines were used, all of the cell lines were incubated in humid 37º C, 5% CO2 and fed by RPMI and FBS. The cells were exposed to different extracts at different concentrations in 48 h. Their growth inhibition was defined as IC50 ( g. mL-1). For further investigations, potent extracts were subjected to VLCmethod for obtaining different fractions. Subsequently, the activity of all fractions was investigated and their phytochemical profiles were determined by preliminary phytochemical and GC-MS methods. Results: Our findings illustrated, among the extracts, n-hexane extract of the aerial parts and its 100% fraction showed potent growth inhibitory effectsonMCF7cell line with IC50 = 264. 3 5. 2 and 351. 2 5. 5 g. mL-1, respectively. It is worth to mention that; potent samples act their inhibitory effect on cancerous with minimum effect on non-cancerous cells. Further chemical investigations indicated that steroids, hydrocarbons and oxygenated monoterpenes are responsible for showing anti-proliferative effects. Conclusions: Overall, the results were showed n-hexane extract and its 100% fraction for having potent ingredients inhibit the cancerous cells and had minimum toxicity on the normal cell line.

Background: Muscari inconstrictum Rech. f. is an ornamental and bulbous species with various medicinal and biological effects. Objectives: This study was designed to evaluate the anti-oxidant and anti-malarial activities of M. inconstrictum as one of the Iranian species of Muscari genus. Additionally, preliminary phytochemical investigation of the extracts with different polarity was performed. Methods: M. inconstrictum bulbs were extracted with n-hexane, chloroform, and methanol (MeOH) by Soxhlet apparatus, in the order of their polarity. Next, vacuumliquid chromatography (VLC) was used for the fractionation of extracts. Free radical scavenging and anti-malarial activities were investigated via DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and cell-free -hematin formation methods. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used for the characterization of potent fractions. Results: Among different extracts of M. inconstrictum, bulbs, chloroform, and n-hexane extracts were the most potent anti-oxidant and anti-malarial extracts, respectively. Moreover, methanolic, 80% and 100% ethyl acetate/n-hexane VLC fractions of chloroform extract showed significant anti-oxidant activities, which can be related to the presence of flavonoid and coumarin structures. Furthermore, 40% ethyl acetate/n-hexane VLC fraction of n-hexane extract with saponin structures is introduced as the most potent anti-malarial part. GC-MS analysis of methanol fraction of chloroform extract, 40% ethyl acetate/n-hexane VLC fraction of n-hexane extract, and the volatile oil of plant demonstrated the presence of phenolic monoterpenoid, fatty acid derivatives, and sesquiterpenoid structures as the main ingredients, respectively. Conclusions: It seems that more studies on M. inconstrictum are necessary to focus on pure compounds and their biological activities.

Due to the increase of microbial resistance to antibiotics and the occurrence of side effects, use of medicinal plants with anti-microbial properties seems to be rational. Hence, in this study, some plants of the Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, and Cucurbitaceae families were evaluated for antimicrobial effects. The aerial parts of the plants were extracted by different solvents using a Soxhlet apparatus. Subsequently, the inhibitory effect of the extracts on different microbial species was assessed. Extracts with high growth inhibitory effect were fractionated and their MIC was determined. Furthermore, primary phytochemical and GC-MS analysis were used to identify the chemical compounds of potent samples of n-hexane extracts of Eryngium caerulum (E. caeruleum) and Eryngium thyrsoideum (E. thyrsoideum. ) Both plants showed considerable antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus epidermidis among the fractions, 40% and 60% VLC fractions of n-hex extract of E. caeruleum and 40% VLC fraction of n-hexane extract of E. thyrsoideum illustrated the most growth inhibitory effect. Moreover, the results of preliminary phytochemical and GC-MS analysis confirmed that steroids, fatty acids and terpenoids play an important role to show anti-microbial activity, respectively. Among all samples, the 40% VLC fraction of n-hexane extract of E. thyrsoideum for possessing high amounts of fatty acids and terpenoids indicated the most anti-microbial potency.