Introduction: Ionic channel rearrangements through the demyelinated axons or supporting media play significant role in remission of the neurological deficit in MS patients. In this study the effects of Verapamil as a calcium channel blocker on central conduction have been investigated through the evaluation of changes in P100 latency of the Visual evoked potential.Method: This randomized double blinded, placebo-controlled, clinical trial was performed on two groups of 20 multiple sclerosis patients who had been diagnosed for definite MS and had no relapse during the last year. Case group received oral Verapamil, 40 mg, every 8 hours and was compared to Placebo group for changes in P100 latency.Results: In the Verapamil group, the P100 latencies showed an average decrease of 5ms comparing to the placebo group (6.1±4ms vs1 ± 0.5 ms). Verapamil had no significant effect on the VEP duration.Discussion: The present study suggests that pharmacological manipulation of calcium-dependent process, possibly at the level of demyelinated axon, can acutely facilitate central conduction of electrical impulses in some patients with clinically stable multiple sclerosis.

Objectives: Human Immunodeficiency Virus type I is the causative agent of Acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome "AIDS" in human and demonstration of RN-I genome in samples is accepted as evidence of infection. Transmission of Infection during window period in blood transfusion settings is a worldwide concern. Also there is a need for a rapid, sensitive and accurate technique to detect RN -I infection prior to antibody appearance in patients and new borns.Material and Method: A rapid Visual DNA Chip based on RT-Nested PCR and Enzyme-Substrate detection system was developed. At first a specific RT-Nested PCR was developed and the products were confirmed in gel electrophoresis and the products were labeled with DIG (Digoxigenin).The labeled products were then hybridized with the pre-prepared chip with an anchored specific probe. After the washing procedure an antibody against DIG conjugated with alkaline phosphates enzyme was used. After the second washing procedure the BCIP/NBT substrate was used and development of color was interpreted as positive while the negative samples developed no color.Results: 35 sera samples from different stages of HIV infection (AIDS, Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Infection) as well as 20 confirmed negative sera samples were collected and checked with the developed assay. All the positive samples developed reaction while the negative samples had no reaction.Conclusion: In the current study the developed assay showed high sensitivity and specificity to detect HIV-I infection. It seems that the viral genome could be detected prior to antibody appearance and hence the window period could be shortened. Also the assay could be used to detect infection in new borns from infected mothers, because the maternal antibody could pass the placenta and antibody based assay have false positive results.Because of the high sensitivity, the developed assay could also detect infection in very low viral load conditions.

Objective: Many factors affect kinematic and kinetic body movements. The effects of kind of software on kinematics and kinetics output has not been assessed yet. The aim of this study was to compare the kinematics and kinetics variable between the output of Polygan and Visual 3D softwares. Methods: twelve subjects (age=59.8±7.8 year, height=1.7±0.1 m, weight=70±10.4 kg and Body Mass Index= 25.6±3.4) participated in this study. A Vicon motion analysis system with four cameras as well as two Kistler force plates were used to measure the kinematics and kinetics variables during the gait. For statistical analysis independent samples test and Pearson correlation coefficient test were used. The type one error was set at a<0.05. Results: The range of motion for ankle horizontal plan, knee horizontal and frontal plans, and hip horizontal and sagittal plans was different between the Polygan and Visual 3D software. There was also a significant difference between the Polygan and Visual 3D software in moment of the ankle in sagittal, frontal and horizontal plan, knee horizontal and frontal plans, and hip horizontal and sagittal plans. The Interclass Correlation Coefficient was 83%-99% for range of motion and 78%-99% for moment. Conclusion: Interclass Correlation Coefficient was high for the kinetics and kinematics output of the Polygan and Visual 3D software. The range of motion for sagittal plan between the Polygan and Visual 3D software was the same. The frontal and horizontal range of motion and all plans of the moment of ankle were different between the Polygan and Visual 3D software.

Background: Radial keratotomy is a major type of refractive surgery. This study was performed to determine the association of Visual evoked potential (VEP) and radial keratotomy. Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive-comparative survey, 25 patients under radial keratotomy attending to Basir Clinic in 2014 and 2015 were enrolled and the VEP results, including voltage and latency, were determined and compared with 25 control subjects. Results: The mean voltage was 5.6 ± 2.0 microvolt and 6.0 ± 2.2 microvolt in case and control groups, respectively (P>0.05). Mean latency duration was 95.7 ± 6.1 millisecond and 95.6 ± 5.7 millisecond in case and control groups, respectively (P>0.05). Conclusion: Totally, according to the obtained results, it may be concluded that there is no significant association between Visual evoked potential and radial keratotomy. Keywords: VEP, Refractory surgery, Radial keratotomy.

Introduction: Mental fatigue is defined as body or soul tiredness which can be caused by stress, overwork, excessive use of drugs or physical or mental illnesses. Fatigue is one of the reasons of productivity loss as well as occurring accidents. Therefore, mental fatigue measurement is of great importance. This study was aimed to determine the consistency of mental fatigue measurement by self-reported VAS and the flicker fusion apparatus. Material and Methods: A descriptive study was conducted on 30 students. After they had accomplished mental tasks (i.e. mathematical problem solving and responding to MMPI questionnaire), mental fatigued was measured by self-reported VAS and flicker fusion apparatus. To analyze the results, paired sample T-test and Spearman correlation test were applied in SPSS software version 11.5 (P<0.05). Findings: The results of mental fatigue measurements by both methods of self-reported VAS and the flicker fusion apparatus showed significant increase in mental fatigue after finishing each of the mental tasks. But the findings revealed no consistency between the two methods.Conclusion: Since self-reported VAS is a subjective technique, it seems that the lack of consistency between the two methods is due to its inefficiency in the mental fatigue measurement. Therefore, further studies with more precise methods such as EEG is suggested.

Background and Objective: Today with all the advances in science, disasters such as earthquakes predictors are not nearly or as unavoidable as natural disasters. City of Kermanshah, due to its location, can always face dangers such as floods, earthquakes and other natural disasters. Method: The paper study is descriptive-analytic and its purpose is to study the resilience of Kermanshah through the PROMETHEE Visual software, to prioritize the effective Factors in urban Resilient, so that the elements of the Institutional-Management, Sub-structural, Physical, Social and Economical in a questionnaire. Findings: The results showed that based on a survey and interview with 42 experts, weighing the indexes and finally ranking them using the V P model. Discussion and Conclusion: According to the component ranking, region 6 with pH + 0. 8333 has the highest weight and regions 1 and 2 with the weight of pH 0. 2333 have the lowest priority scoring points of effective resilience criteria of Kermanshah city.

In this article art education is discussed as a new concept in which artistic researches occur in Visual culture. In cultural contemporary life, art education is explained in Visual culture framework. Here we talk more detailed aims rather Art. There is more emphasize on the progress of contemporaneous culture lead to more changes of Visual culture. Another explanation of Visual culture, thereafter, is given. Two final sections of article devote to art curriculum and its landscape in schools and some educational suggestions for art teaching.

Background and Aim: Fear from dentistry procedures is one of the most prevalent conditions which can influence patient-dentist relationships. The aim of this study was to assess the rate of fear from different dental procedures in patients referred to the dental school of Kennan university.Materials & Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the rate of fear from different dental procedures in 386 patients referred to the dental school of Kennan University was assessed with the Visual analogue scale by a questionnaire. Data were analyzed by t and ANOVA tests.Results: The results of this study showed that from 386 patients referred, 74 (19%) patients had low to moderate fear, 261(67.8%) patients had moderate to severe fear and 51(13.2%) patients had extreme fear. Most of the patients feared from surgery, root canal therapy, extraction and observing the syringe. The analysis of data showed that there was a significant relationship between fear, sex and previous unpleasant experiences. Women had more fear than men (P=0.012), and those who had unpleasant experiences feared more than those who did not (P=0.03). Fear decreased as the number of visits to the dentist increased (P=0.021). Conclusion: In spite of the differences in the rate of fear, dental procedures which cause the fear were the same in the patients.

Aim: The goal of this Cross-Sectional study was assessment of the rate of fear in different dental situations on 231 patients referring to dental school of Shahid Sadooghi University of Yazd.Method & Material: All of necessary information was gathered by the means of a questionnaire containing questions about demographic varieties and 19 different dental situations. In this study rate of fear of patients was obtained by the method of Visual analogue scale.Results: The results of this study showed that 134 (57/3%) patients had low to moderate fear, 85 (36.8%) patients had moderate to sever fear and 12 (5.19%) patients had very sever fear. The most rate of fear was from surgery, root canal therapy, extraction and observation of needle. The assessment of information showed that there was significant statistical relationship between fear and sex and unfavorable experiences. But there wasn't any significant statistical relationship between fear and age and number of appointments.Conclusion: With considering of these results we advise that dentists increase their information about fear and the ways to reduce it.