Context: Depression is a risk factor for vascular disease and vice versa. Identification of biological mechanismscommonfor depression and vascular pathology at microvascular level, and understanding their clinical significance may contribute to better treatment and prognosis of this combined physical/psychiatric disorder. Evidence Acquisition: We searched the PubMed computer database for the following key words “ Microvascular AND Depression” on the 28th of October, 2015 to obtain relevant articles, which were consequently summarized to facilitate further research in the field of psychiatry. Results: The majority of studies support the suggestion that microvascular abnormality is associated with depression even if several documents do not necessarily support this idea. It seems probable that microvascular abnormality is only relevant in particular subtypes of depression, for example depression due to a general medical condition, late-life depression, or pharmacoresistant depression. The biological mechanisms by which microvascular abnormality is interconnected with depression may cover genetics, epigenetics, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation or hyperhomocysteinemia. Conclusions: Further research should be aimed at identifying biological mechanisms common in depression and microvascular pathology, including genetics and epigenetics, longitudinal studies of this subcategory of patients with depression, and possible pharmacotherapy overcoming the usual non-responsiveness. An active detection and aggressive treatment of physical diseases associated with microvascular pathology and depression, like hypertension, diabetes or inflammation, is warranted. This way, the patients experience less distress, their quality of life will increase, and societal cost of this vascular/psychiatric disorder will be reduced.

Objectives: The study aimed to assess the frequency and type of abnormal karyotype in Khuzestan, Iran by amniocentesis before 22 weeks of gestation. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 1197 amniotic fluid specimens in Khuzestan province, before 22 weeks gestations for fetal karyotyping. Results: The incidence of abnormal aneuploidies was 4. 9% (59 of 1197) for all specimens. The highest chromosomal abnormality was Down syndrome (64. 4%). Conclusions: The rate of chromosomal abnormalities was higher than other reports from Iran and all over the world. The detection rate of Down syndrome similar to other reports remains high.

Male reproductive system includes internal and external genitalia. External genitalia include scrotum and penis. Each testis is an oval structure about 4.5 to 5.1cm long and 3cm in diameter and located in the scrotum. each testis contains seminiferous tubules which are long, highly coiled, and looped tubules. Sperm are produced within the seminiferous tubules. Sertoli cells which are located within seminiferous tubules feed and protect developing sperms. Epididymis is a long tube located along the superior and posterior margins of the testes. Its function is sperm transport, storage and maturation (motility and fertility maturation). Sperm transport through the human epididymis last from 2 to 12 days. Process of sperm production is called “spermatogenesis” which begins at puberty and takes approximately 64 days in the human. The conversion of spermatids into mature spermatozoa is called “Spermiogenesis”. The mature and normal sperm cell is approximately 60 mm in length and has a head, neck, middle piece and tail. The head should be oval in shape and 4 to 5 mm in length. The midpiece is slender and less than 1 mm in width.The tail should be straight, uniform and thinner than midpiece, and approximately 45 mm long. Sperm morphology classification has a predictive value in invitro sperm fertilization. The following defects has been recognize according to WHO criteria: (a) Head defects including large, small, tapered, pin, pyriform, round, amorphous, vacuolated heads and heads with small or large acrosomal area (b) Neck & Midpiece defects including bent neck, asymmetrical insertion, thick and thin midpiece and cytoplasmic droplet.(c) Tail defects including short, broken, bent, double, coiled tails and tail-tip coiling.

Purpose: To describe the vitreoretinal abnormalities in 24 patients with anterior megalophthalmos (AM).Patients and methods: Funduscopy was performed in patients examined in Labbafinejad medical center with the diagnosis of anterior megalophthalmos (megalocornea with visible iris diameter of 13 mm or more, iris hypoplasia, lens subluxation, cataract formation at an early age, and absence of congenital glaucoma). Their hospital records were reviewed for past history.Results: Twenty four patients (12 males, 12 females) with an age range of 4 months to 64 years were found to have AM. Eight patients did not have follow up visits. Others were followed from 1 to 16 years. Vitreous degeneration was the most common abnormal finding present in 34 eyes (73.9%). Nine eyes (19.5%) had optically empty vitreous with strands. Lattice degeneration was seen in 5 eyes (10.8%). Spontaneous vitreous hemorrhage occurred in 3 eyes and peripheral retinal neovascularization was detected in 2. Retinal detachment had occurred in 15 eyes (31.2%) leading to loss of the eye in 4 cases. Retinal break was found in 6 of the eyes including giant retinal break (1 eye) and atrophic hole (1 eye). Spontaneous retinal reattachment occurred in 1 eye. Ten eyes underwent a total of 15 surgeries with successful results in 9.Conclusion: Anterior megalophthalmic eyes seem to have a kind of vitreoretinopathy predisposing them to retinal detachment (in 31.2% of current series). Conventional scleral buckling and vitrectomy techniques yield good results in these eyes.