Nanoscale structures have recently attracted considerable attention due to their unique properties, particularly their excellent biocompatibility. Among these, titania nanotubes (TiO₂ NTs) are notable for their wide-ranging applications in fields such as biomedicine, catalysis, and energy. A highly effective method for fabricating these nanostructures is electrochemical anodization, which enables the direct in-situ formation of TiO₂ nanotubes on the titanium substrate. This technique offers the advantage of controlling nanotube morphology, including length and diameter, through simple adjustments of anodization parameters, making it both cost-effective and time-efficient. In this study, commercially pure titanium (Grade 2) was anodized using a standard two-electrode setup to investigate the influence of various parameters on nanotube formation. The effects of temperature, anodization time, surface preparation, cathode material, and electrolyte composition were systematically examined. Morphological analysis was performed using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), while elemental composition was determined using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Results indicate that anodization conditions significantly impact the final morphology of the TiO₂ nanotubes. At 60 V, increasing the temperature accelerated nanotube dissolution, with severe degradation observed at 50 °C after 270 minutes. Fluoride ions in the electrolyte were identified as essential for nanotube formation. Additionally, extending the anodization time from 60 to 360 minutes increased the nanotube length from 12 μm to 47 μm and diameter from 50 nm to 120 nm. Overall, understanding the influence of these parameters provides a pathway for optimizing the anodization process to tailor TiO₂ nanotube structures for specific applications.

The Aluminium Industries are one of the greatest consumers of water in anodizing unit and also discharge large volumes of wastewater to the environment. Due to the different pH of the materials used in the industry the wastewater produced includes a wide range of pH. The purpose of control and minimization of wastes is to reduce pollution loads and wastewater during the process by using different techniques. In order to decrease, more or less, the difficulties of industrial wastewater treatment plants. Basically, waste minimizing programs are complicated and included management responsibility, definition of main targets and economic and technical assessment, accomplishment of programs and permanent assessment. In this study, the aluminium industry’s anodizing section was studied and by recognizing the production line of mentioned unit saloon, general processes were drawn. Main processes include several units such as: grease removal, etching, neutralizing, anodize unit, presealing and sealing operations, color units, and washing. These were drawn after each process. For this reason, wastewater produced by each process had special features.After gathering the necessary information, different ways were suggested to decrease consuming materials and to minimize wastes.-Using two-way crane instead of one-way ones, and transferring profiles vertically.-Installing electronic taps and sensors in bathtubs instead of manual ones, to prevent discharge.-Changing the starting hours of work and using much more of daylight in order to decrease the consumption of electricity.-According to the test results on using different coagulants, using 80 mg/lit of Alum as coagulant materials in wastewater treatment plant is suggested, which decrease the produced sludges by about 30% compared to the present amount.

The surface of titanium exposed to atmosphere is covered with thin layer of TiO2. This layer oxide due to low thickness, high porosity and low mechanical strength can not protect its surface from corrosion. So, in order to produce oxide layers on the surface of titanium, anodizing is performed. In this research, anodizing of titanium was performed in H2SO4 and (NH4)2SO4 solutions at 25°C. anodizing of titanium in H2SO4 solution was performed under galvanstatic conditions and in (NH4)2SO4 was performed under potentiostatic conditions. The results show that layers formed in H2SO4 are compact and then they are been porous and stable. These layers contain high relative porosity and the variations of thickness relative to time are logarithmic. Anodic layers formed in (NH4)2SO4 are compact and insulator. The thickness of layers increases with increasing of concentration, but after decreasing of current and reaching to zero, increasing of time had no affected in thickness. The SEM and XRD techniques show that these layers are amorphous.

In the present work, anodizing of zinc foil was investigated in NaOH and oxalic acid electrolytes under the influence of different concentrations of the electrolyte, while temperature and voltage were kept constant. Anodized zinc plates were characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM), UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS UV–Vis), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Characterization of anodized Zn plates using SEM showed that their morphology was significantly influenced by the type and concentration of anodizing electrolyte. XRD analysis indicated that the ZnO thin films were of hexagonal wurtzite structures. From contact angle measurements, it has been observed that the contact angle of anodized film is higher than that of pure zinc foil.Antibacterial results suggest that the parent zinc foil did not show the antibiotic activity, but the anodized zinc oxide is effective both toward Gram-positive bacteria and Gramnegative bacteria.

Recently, it has been declared that fuel rods do not need to be anodized for the usage in VVER reactors. In this regard, some studies were planned to investigate the effects of pickling and anodizing treatments on corrosion behaviour of the fuel clads produced by Sooreh company. For this purpose, different surface treated samples of as-received, grinded, pickled, grinded and anodized, and pickled and anodized were prepared. The reference fuel clads in some equal conditions were also employed for comparisons. The results revealed that the corrosion behaviour is completely affected by the surface treatment, and microstructure properties have shown less impact. The oxidation type in the pickled, and pickled and anodized samples are absolutely different from the grinded samples. The anodizing treatment after pickling nearly increases the corrosion resistance by factor of two in comparison to the just pickled ones. The presence of grey oxide layer on the grinded samples are attributed to Monoclinic zirconia which has less corrosion resistance to Tetragonal zirconia.

Aluminum anodizing factories produce considerable amounts of sludge. If this sludge is discharged in ordinary ways, it will have negative environmental effects on water resources, soil, plants, and animals. It will even cause diseases such as Alzheimer for the human beings.The aim of this research is to find uses for the sludge cakes of aluminum anodizing units both to prevent environmental pollution and to obtain economic profit for the factories. To this end, bricks with different combinations of sludge, clay and sand were built and tested against the available standards.The result showed that bricks with 40% sludge were the best and closest in quality to the ordinary bricks built for domestic uses. Such bricks are lighter and have a higher price than the ordinary ones with the same volume. They also prevent sludge from being spread in the environment.

Wastewater treatment of electroplating industries is essential due to high pollution and contamination of soil and water. Due to high rate of water consumption of these industries, it is important to reuse and recycle the treated wastewater. In this research, removal of aluminum and sulfate from the wastewater was studied by using Nano-filtration pilot in aluminum anodizing industry.Initially, aluminum of wastewater is reduced by neutralization of wastewater and then the pretreated wastewater is studied by nano-filtration. The effective parameters in process were temperature and pressure which studied through pilot studies. NF-90 used as a Nano-filtration (NF) module which is prepared and manufactured by Filmtech Company. The temperature were 30, 35, 40oC and the pressure intervals were 5 to 20 bar.The results demonstrated that the best aluminum and sulfate removal obtained at 7.5 to 12.5 bar pressure and temperature of 30oC. The pressure and temperature increments induced to flux increment.

In this article, TiO2 nanotubes fabricated on three titanium foils with different surface morphologies are investigated. Nanotubes anodized on titanium foils with no polishing process (A sample), with electropolishing process (B sample) and with electropolishing process in ethanolic electrolyte (C sample). By electropolishing, the surface roughness decreases considerably. Also, by adding ethanol to the electropolish electrolyte, the surface roughness decreases more in comparison to previous one. By decreasing surface roughness, interesting results are observed: 1) nanotubes diameter size distribution becomes more uniform significantly, 2) ordering of nanotubes increases highly and 3) outer diameter of tubes decreases from 125nm to 92nm.

The purpose of this research is preparation of titanium dioxide nanotubes modified with nickel nanoparticles as a photocatalyst sensitive to visible light. For this purpose, at first, titanium dioxide nanotubes was synthesized on the surface of titanium using electrochemical anodizing; then by immersion of prepared nanotubes in an aqueous solution of nickel nitrate, film of nickel nanoparticles on the surface of the nanotubes were produced. Morphology and crystal structure of the resulting films were studied using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. To determine the composition and confirmation the presence of nickel nanoparticles, we used from energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Then, photocatalysts efficiency of obtained nano-catalysts for the removal of methylene blue dye was performed. Photocatalytic test results showed that produced nanocatalysts have good activity.