Given the diverse and new nature of legal developments, especially with the advancement of science and technology and the emergence of new areas of risk and loss, one of the challenges of civil liability is the recognition of cases of loss. In order to be able to do this, flexibility is required in the recognition of cases and the scope of key elements. Due to the rigorous scrutiny required when dealing with uncertainties within the identification of the pillars and basic elements of civil liability and the responsibility that this is accompanied with, researchers have refrained from providing precise criteria. The present study aims to fill this void. Since the definition of loss is constantly changing based on locations, capabilities and techniques, the impact of temporal and spatial elements is an effective criterion for this legal structure and can be effective in its conceptual recognition and the enforcement of civil liability and compensation. Today, one of the most prominent criteria in this field are temporal, spatial, technical and specialized standards. They require the use of specialized experts in each field of the judicial process. It also appears that, custom and culture can be engineered in such a way that new definitions can be extracted for the term ‘ loss’ and so they can be compensated, except where the law explicitly excludes it. However the effectiveness of using culture, customs or traditions to engineer new meanings and definitions for the term ‘ loss’ is faced with various difficulties, such as: proof and effectiveness, inappropriate social and economic approaches, the vagueness of spatial and temporal restrictions of custom, the limited freedom of people, stretching out trials, corruption in engineering customs and cultures to discover new definitions for the term ‘ loss’ , insufficiency of culture when dealing with losses related to social order and good character, and the inability to engineer customs and culture in jurisprudential rulings.

custom ("urf) is one of the categories which are vastly employed to apply legal ordinances to the expedience of time and space. Having provided lexical and idiomatic definitions of custom, the present paper has proceeded to touch upon its pillars and spiritual element. Further on. it has reviewed the concept of custom from the viewpoint of jurists. In the Qur"an exegeses, the verses related to custom as per the viewpoint of the Shi"ite and Sunni exegetes are also proportionately discussed. In another section, the relation between custom and the intellectual manner is taken into consideration and the authority of custom in the Sunnijurisprudence as well the possibility of its acceptability in Shi"ite jurisprudence is talked about.

Jurists and legal experts allocate a special role and value to custom and use particular interpretatons to explain its place. Undoubtedly, customs, traditions and norms have gradually turned into social values or paved the ground for their formation. Transformation of the variables related to conventions and customs like life conditions of human beings, development and progress, cultural changes, the emergence of new ideas and the like leads to an increase of its impact on various issues like citizenship rights. The current study seeks to investigate the complementary role of conventions and customs as one of the influential sources of legal codes of society and its relationship with citizenship rights. Conventions and customs, on the one hand, can play a positive role in the formation of citizenship rights and in those cases that law cannot predict all the needs of human beings serve as a vehicle to complement and cover up the deficiencies through providing new interpretations. Sometimes the legislator changes the conventions into a law by a number of modifications. On the other hand, it can also be an obstacle or play a negative role; in such cases, the law steps in and nullifies the convention and rejects it. In other words, as long as the necessity of paying attention to citizenship rights does not turn into a dominant norm, legal mechanisms will face a difficult path ahead.

Purpose: custom as one of the legal sources among lawyers and legislators is of special importance next to the law and a law cannot be established, implemented or repealed without paying attention to the customs of a society. In addition to law, custom also has its own place in social sciences and in the meantime, legal anthropology as an interdisciplinary trend can examine the importance of this concept from a different angle. Therefore, the role of people's behaviors and beliefs in giving importance to custom or law can be examined. Another issue that this research seeks to answer is the place of custom and law in women's lives, From the point of view of legal anthropology, how do women view custom? And where do they follow the rules? In their interpersonal and social relationships, they value custom or law more. These are the points that the questions of this research are trying to answer. Methodology: Since this research seeks to investigate the place of customs among women and customs are considered unwritten rights, a qualitative method has been used. In this research, an interview was conducted with 10 women whose academic field was law or who had experience in the judiciary. Findings: Cultivation and lawlessness, customizing for lifestyle and custom as a sub-court, the relationship between gender and custom, as well as the conflict between custom and law from the perspective of social solidarity were the issues that were extracted from the perspective of legal anthropology. From the perspective of this research, the custom is more correlative. Conclusion: From the point of view of the participants in this research, who were intentionally all women, the custom has a feminine look and the law has a masculine look. In another way, it can be said that the custom of the unwritten law is for the unwritten gender

The custom 450 gas turbine compressor blades are corroded in chlorine environments. The initiation and growth of pits and cracks lead to failure. In this paper, prediction of the pitting corrosion behavior of the alloy is studied. In this regard, in the laboratory section, two-point bending specimen is first subjected to different potentials in a 3. 5 wt. % sodium chloride solution to cause pitting corrosion and finally leads to failure at the maximum bending region. According to different potentiostatic tests, an equation is proposed to predict the pitting and life time of stressed sample at different potentials. In the numerical section, the strain in the grown pits is calculated by using digital image correlation method and also the COMSOL Multiphysics software. The location of the localized maximum strain obtained from these two methods is in good agreement with growth of the corrosion pits in the electrochemical experiments. Thus, without needs of experiments, the growth direction of the pit can be simulated.

Investigating the relationship between law and society has always attracted the attention of researchers in the field of social sciences. Meanwhile, legal anthropology seeks to realize this importance and discover the legal mechanisms in the relationships between people, and in fact, the process of legal-judicialization in the culture of each Society investigates because rights play a very important role in organizing and regulating social relations between members of a social group. However, one of the main issues that can be raised in relation to legal anthropology in Iran is the issue of custom. This article aims to investigate the role and impact of custom in the filing of judicial cases, focusing on the prisoners of non-intentional crimes, for this purpose, a number of cases of Diyeh Headquarters have been examined in terms of the traces of custom, and interviews with 10 judges and lawyers in this regard. According to the results of this survey, issues such as abuse of trust between people, ignorance of the law, and criminalizations that are carried out in relation to some customs and traditions between ethnic groups, are among the most important customary axes of the judicial cases of prisoners of crimes. It is unintentional. Also, the issue of contracts between parties that have customary validity is considered one of the troublesome legal problems.

Introduction: Laryngeal stenosis has various causes and treatment options. Endoscopic resection of the stenotic part with CO2 laser is one of the treatment options of laryngotracheal stenosis. Keels are useful for preventing adhesion formation, restenosis and web formation, which may happen during the later stage. They can be put in place either via the endoscopic approach or through a micro thyroidotomy and are held in place with a heavy suture through cricothyroid and thyrohyoid membranes. They are left in place for two to four weeks, and then removed through the endoscopic approach under general anesthetics.Case Presentation: We report on a case of anterior glottis stenosis with keel aspiration for two weeks, after endoscopic CO2 laser resection of the stenotic section and keel placement. The patient was admitted to our center, where bronchoscopy was performed and the keel was removed. A new custom-made silastic keel was properly placed in raw areas and fixed to the skin with suture through the cricothyroid and thyrohyoid membranes. The keel was removed three weeks later.Conclusions: Endoscopic keel placement should be done with heavy suture through cricothyroid and thyrohyoid membranes. Surgeons should suture the keel to the anterior laryngeal wall with specially designed Lichtenberger’s needle-carriers to prevent complications such as keel aspiration, adhesion formation and imposing a second trip under general anesthetics, which put the patient at increased risk. The false vocal cord microflaps, as biological keels and a relatively new method may replace silastic keel placement in the future.

Background and Aim: The eyes are generally the first feature of the face that are noticed. Loss or absence of an eye may be caused by congenital defects, trauma and malignancies that cause stress in the patients' social life. The art of ocular prosthesis fabrication with the appropriate size, color and contour promotes the patient's physical and psychological comfort and satisfaction. Careful treatment planning with meticulous attention to details can enable the maxillofacial prosthodontist to make a major contribution in the rehabilitation of patients who need ocular prosthesis.Case Report: In this article, the fabrication of a custom ocular prosthesis using stock tray impression technique for a 54-year-old man without any systemic problem who had congenital right ocular defect has been described. In clinical examination, the socket and peripheral tissues were healed.