The technology of film editing had been one of the effective parameters on film editing aesthetics through the editing history. Explanation of historical film editing technologies developments and its effects on technical structures of editing is the main objective of this article. Non-linear digital film editing technology is selected as an approach for above explanation, also as one of the historical turning point in developments of editing technology. Through the explanation of objective by combination of documental and library research, at first the article divides the history of film technologies into five periods which have created five turning points in the developments of film aesthetics and film form: Invention of cinematograph in 1895. Invention of sound recording technology for films in 1927. Invention of color film at beginning of 1940s. Invention of wide screen systems in 1950s. Invention of digital technologies for film production at the beginning of 1990s. Then article divides film /video editing technologies into five periods: 1. Pre-mechanical period (1895-1925): handy film cutting/editing (by using scissors, emery, film glue and metal clips). 2. Mechanical period (1925-1965): from invention of first electromechanical editing machine (Moviola) as first historical turning point in developments of film editing technologies to invention of EUC (editing Unit Control) machine in television. This period begins from last years of silent movies era until the last years of 1960s, when compact cassettes of video tape and EUC invented for video tape linear editing. 3. Linear video editing period (1970-1985): by using electromagnetic editing and tape recording machines. 4. Non-linear/electronic period of film-video editing (1985-1995): by invention of "Edit Droid" and "Montage" editing systems ("transitional period" from analogue to digital technology of editing). 5. Digital film editing period ( from the mid of 1990s) by invention of "Avid" and "Light Works" editing systems as the second historical turning point in the developments of film editing technologies (beginning of digital non-linear film/video editing era). Through study in these periods and finally by approach to digital film editing, the article discusses and analyzes the subject in below domains: 1. By introducing the main parameters that had the most effects on film editing aesthetics through history of editing, including editing technology parameter. 2. By introducing and analyzing the editing aesthetics structures and their elements which editing technology affected them. 3. By comparing a certain group of Hollywood feature/fiction films through "transitional period" from analogue to digital editing technology, in view point of editing structures. Finally the article comes to this conclusion: Film editing technology developments-as one of the effective parameters-had a series of effects on the editing aesthetics in certain periods of film editing history. These effects are obvious in the editing structures of some Hollywood fiction films which edited by digital technology through "transitional period", when comparing them with films that edited by analogue technology in same period. Film editing-Film editing Aesthetics-Film editing Technology-editing Structures-Digital editing

2The current research was conducted with the aim of compiling and validating the educational package of the 10th grade religion and life lesson based on Choice Theory. The research method for the stage of designing and compiling the educational package was descriptive-analytical method mixed . The main themes of the training package and the time required for training were taken from written sources such as the model of G schools and internal and external research projects. To validate the package, while using the face validity method, the content validity method was used in a qualitative and quantitative way. It was used with a panel of 14 experts. 14 experts were considered as the statistical population, 10 of them were in the field of psychology, two were in the field of curriculum planning, and two were in the field of education. In addition, two relative coefficients of content validity and content validity index were used. The minimum and maximum relative content validity coefficients for each item of the package were calculated as 1 and 0.71, and the content validity index in most sessions reached the number (0.85) for all goals in the educational protocol. The results revealed that the educational package of the Religion and Life lesson based on Choice Theory for 10th grade students have good formal and content validity and has the necessary validity for educational applications and research use.

The relationship between the author and the authored text is important from various aspects. Parts of the ethics of research and writing dealing with plagiarism and ghostwriting may be seen as about this very issue. I argue that, along with this, that editing may distort the relationship between the author and the authored text and put the readers in a problematic epistemic situation. In this regard, I appeal to the debates over epistemology of testimony. There are at least two general views about trust in others’ testimony: that we need positive reasons or evidence to trust, or that it suffices if there are no negative ones against the trust. It turns out that either way, to trust critical book reviews (and similar forms of writing) we need reasons or evidence for and against to trust the author. And as long as editing may eliminate such evidence, it weakens our epistemic situation as we become unable to take an epistemically proper stance toward the author. In the end, an objection is addressed. One might say that the same worry applies to all sorts of texts, and thus editing becomes basically wrong – not only in the case of short critical writings. In response, I argue that this is not necessarily the case since such forms of writing have specific features. Meanwhile, it seems true that considerations about epistemology of testimony can lead to further questions about editing in general

Background: With the recent development of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology, the possibility to genetically influence the human germline (gametes and embryos) has become a separate technical possibility. As a powerful skill for genome engineering, the CRISPR/Cas9 system has been effectively applied to adjust the genomes of several species. The purpose of this review was to appraise the technology and build concepts for the launch of precise hereditary modifications in early human embryos. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of the related literatures searched from PubMed, Google scholar, Web of Science up to June 30, 2017 and then we extracted the essential data. In this review, we present the brief history and basic mechanisms of the CRISPR/Cas9 system and significant challenges and advances in the field as a comprehensive practical guide to absorbed users of genome editing technologies. We introduce factors that influence CRISPR/Cas9 efficacy which must be addressed before effective in vivo human embryo therapy can be realized. in this review, we highlight the advancements that have been made using CRISPR/Cas9 in relation to Human Embryo. Results and Conclusion: The possibility of CRISPR/Cas9 use in the context of human reproduction, to change embryos, germline cells, and pluripotent stem cells are studied created on the writers' expert belief. We discuss recent developments leading to the operation of Human Embryonic gene therapies in clinical trials and consider the predictions for future advances in this rapidly developing field.

Genome editing by engineered nuclease enzymes, which, induce DNA double strand break (DSB) followed by the activation of repair mechanisms, is of great importance to researchers in the field of biology and medicine. TALEN (Transcription activator-like effector nuclease) as a tool for genome editing is widely used in a variety of organisms and cells to study the role of genes or mutations in biological or pathological pathways, create model organisms or a therapeutic approach to single genetic disorders such as sickle cell anemia. TALE consists of: 1) N-terminal T3S signal, 2) Central tandem repeat domain, 3) C-terminal nuclear localization signal (NLS) and 4). Acidic transcriptional activation domain (AD, fused to a non-specific domain for DNA double strand break). DSB can undergo changes such as insertion, deletion, inversion, translocation through two major repair pathways of NHEJ and HDR. In this review article, we will first discuss the TALEN technology, assembly of custom TALEN and its transmission techniques. This is followed by studies on genome editing, various repair mechanisms and donor design in the HDR pathway. Finally, the applications of this technology will be discussed.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) (2n=4x=48), is a tetraploid and heterozygous crop. This plant is the world's most important food crop after rice, wheat and corn. According to the current pressure of increasing population, potato is believed to be a vital crop to meet the food need of the growing population. Although conventional breeding approaches have improved potato yield, tetrasomic inheritance makes potato research and breeding difficult through traditional crossbreeding. By specific applications of genome editing, one or a few traits can be added to a commercial variety, hence crossbreeding method can be avoided. In recent years, genome editing via the CRISPR-Cas9 system, by providing simple and robust new technologies, has helped plant scientists to accelerate different plant breeding processes. With advances being made, the insertion, expression or silencing of economically important genes is being used to improve potato production and the quality traits of current potato varieties. Furthermore, genome sequence information coupled with established genetic transformation and regeneration procedures make potato a strong candidate for genetic engineering. The purpose of this article, is to review the researches done on potato using the CRISPR-Cas9 system, in order to improve traits and increase crop productivity.

Over the past decades, progression in genetic element manipulation, and consequently, the treatment of diseases has been remarkable. It is worth noting that these genetic manipulations perform at different levels, including DNA and RNA. The earlier genomic editing techniques, including MN, ZFN, TALEN, performing their functions by creating double-stranded breaks (DSBs), and after breakage, the cell tries to repair the breakage through two systems, homologous recombination and non-homologous end joining. CRISPR/Cas technology has been discovered recently, and has become the most widely used genomeediting tool, mainly due to its capabilities and those added to this through the genetic engineering. In this study, we aimed to introduce a variety of CRISPR classes in the elementary parts, and then the modified CRISPR systems developed to increase the efficiency and specificity of the system and provide acceptable results will be introduced. In this study, for three months in the fall and winter, Pubmed and Web of science sites searched for keywords such as CRISPR, Types of CRISPR, gRNA, Cas9, and CRISPR-Cas9 nickase that eventually resulted in about four hundred Sixty-one articles, and some of these articles after closer study, reviewed in this article. Genetic engineering techniques have successfully transformed this system into the most efficient genome editing tool in recent years. Researchers are working on a system to treat various diseases by resolving problems such as high specificity, cutting off non-target sites, how to move to a cell, and setting up a proper repair system.