Since the evaluation of the diversity indicators in consumption of medicinal species by the beneficiary’s households and its driving factors is of utmost importance in marketing, multi-purpose planning of rangelands and sustainable development, a questionary-based study was carried out to determine the diversity indices of medicinal species consumption in settled nomadic communities living under different management and livelihood situations in the rangelands of Dyvaroeieh in Bardsir township, Kerman province, Iran. To this end, the medicinal species consumed by each household (as a study unit) in addition to the diversity indicators of consumption (i.e., dominance coefficient and Shannon-Weiner index) were evaluated under two management sites comprising Rangeland Management Plan (RMP) (i.e.,Dvyaroeieh 1) and the nearest adjacent rangeland without RMP (i.e., Dyvaroeieh 2, as control treatment ) and three livelihood levels (i.e., very poor (<50 million Rials monthly income), poor (50-100 million Rials monthly income) and moderate (100-150 million Rials monthly income)) under factorial test in SPSS software environment. The study's results revealed that both of management and livelihood factors can be applied by manager to increase diversity indices in medicinal plants consumed by beneficiaries. More specifically, management through RMP was more powerful and effective tool in this way. Therefore, it could conceivably be argued that RMP can be considered as a driving factor in increasing the diversity of medicinal plant consumption and also be a suitable platform to meet the needs and demands of rangelands’ beneficiaries in this field.

Background: One of the most important indicators of any society development is its health status and one of the most substantial issues in the field of community health status is its access to essential drugs so that the timely and adequate provision of essential drugs is one of the components of primary health care (PHC) principles. Objectives: This research aimed to study the influence of various factors such as drug price index, inflation rate, income, the number of physicians, etc. on the drug demand and consumption for Iranian urban households based on households' budget during 1990-2010.Patients and Methods: This research was a descriptive-analytical study which, used time-series data econometrics method to examine the relationships between the costs of drug consumption in urban households with variables such as drug price index, inflation rate, income, and tariff of the Medical staff visits. In addition, ADF test was used to show that whether variables were stationary or not. Furthermore, the OLS technique was employed to estimate the drug demand function using Eviews7 and STATA 11 software.Results: The results showed that the estimated effects of sub-specialist visits tariff and general physician visits tariff on the drug demand were positive but not significant (P>0.05) and urban households' income and drug price index had positive and significant effects on the drug demand (P<0.05). Conclusions: Based on the results of this research, it seems that allocating public resources in the form of providing health insurance or government subsidies can decline financial burden of drugs on patients.

The importance of female heads of households in providing the basic needs of household members on the one hand and the limitations they face in most socio-economic fields have made it necessary to pay attention to the issues of female heads of households in most societies including our country. The purpose of this study is to use the systematic review method to review and evaluate the policy proposals that have been proposed in Iran for women heads of households. A total of 296 articles and 5 reports were identified. In the review and eligibility phase, the total number of selected texts was considered to be 79 texts, of which 62 studies used the quantitative method and 17 studies used the qualitative method. Based on the studies that proposed policy proposals, the characteristics of female heads of the household, the axes of vulnerability, the evaluation of policies and proposals were determined. The findings showed that more policy proposals were made based on the characteristics of low literacy, being unemployed, and being middle-aged. Based on the axes of vulnerability, women heads of households are more vulnerable psychologically and socially than they are materially vulnerable in many cases. The evaluation of policies for women heads of households showed that the most interventions for the empowerment of women heads of households were focused on the economic field and were mainly pursued in the form of financial payments and did not pay enough attention to other aspects of women's empowerment, while the empowerment of women heads of households was successful when It is expected to simultaneously pay attention to their mental health and improve their social and economic status.

The main objective of this study is to measure the poverty intensity in rural areas of Iran. The study applies Amartya Sen poverty index, head count index, and income gap ratio index. The results indicate that poverty gap index was equal to 0.248 in 2001 and declined to 0.247 in 2008. During the same period the poverty line had an upward trend for both rural and urban households such that the poverty line has reached to 3317413 Iranian Rls. from a base of 819763 Rls.

This article points to the identification, an important stage in subsidy targeting. Identification of vulnerable groups or households is important from efficiency aspects of governmental provisions and transfer payments. We define targeting and clarify various procedures of targeting systems with emphasis on identification position in them. Then main methods of individual identification especially "means test" and "proxy means test" reviewed and we will declare some imperfections of these two methods. To get rid of the weaknesses, we will introduce Two-Stage Identification (TSI) Test with Endogenous Household Clustering (EHC) method and will try an experiment with Iranian raw household data in urban areas. The results of using TSI method show five different household groups with derivation of varied characteristics of household such as Head (Gender, Marriage, Employment), Members (Age Composition, Number of Employee, Size, Education), Home (Occupation, Number of Room, Width, Framework) and Expenditures (Total, Food and Durables). Also with this verification, policy makers acquire a rich database for employing one or various targeting systems.