Whereas reducing carbon pollutant and fossil fuel energy consumption have become the most important environmental and economic concerns in the world, electric vehicles and their cooling system are in automotive industry manufacturers and designers agendum more than ever. Various motor electromagnetic and mechanical losses act as heat sources and could lead to performance falloff and premature exhaustion indisputably, if they don’, t dissipate by an appropriate cooling system. Thus, in present work, a model has been prepared in Motor-CAD software for Nissan LEAF’, s BPM electric motor and after modelling various losses in it by means of 2D and 3D simulations with finite element method, it has been attentively investigated in terms of cooling system performance and hotspot temperatures and locations in four popular distinct standard driving cycles. It has been revealed in results that diversities in driving patterns can lead to different thermal reactions in vehicle’, s electric motor. These changes can even rearrange thermal critical points and move hotspots to different parts of motor. Beside quantitative point of maximum temperatures, various transient responses have been monitored in simulations results and hotspot location moved differently in each cycle. Main novelty of the present research is clarifying the point that in order to design an efficient and suitable cooling system for electric motors in vehicles, driving pattern characteristics must be taken into account.

Tomato leaf curl virus (TLCY, Family Geminiviridae, genus Begomovirus) is a whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) transmitted geminivirus (WTG) causing a destructive disease of tomato in many regions of India, East Asia and Australia. While TLCY isolates from Australia, Bangalore (India) and Taiwan and Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCY) isolates from different regions of Asia, Europe and America have a single genomic component (designated DNA A), those from Northern India and Thailand have two components (DNA A and DNA B). Previously, TYLCY-like geminiviruses have been identified from southern provinces of Iran causing leaf curling, stunting, and severe reduction in fruits of tomato plants in the fields. We have used degenerate DNA A specific PCR primers to clone part of the genome of an Iranian isolate of TLCY (TLCY-Ir) from field-infected tomato plants growing in Iranshahr, Sistan-Baluchestan Province. Degenerate DNA B-specific PCR primers did not amplify a putative DNA B from infected tomato under conditions that DNA B fragments were amplified from plants infected with Tomato golden mosaic virus, a known bipartite begomovirus. The full-length 2763 nucleotide DNA A genome of TLCY-Ir was sequenced and compared to Iranian isolate of TYLCY (TYLCY-Ir, previously sequenced by Bananej et al., (GcnBank accession No. AJ 132711) isolated from tomato in the same region.As other monopartite TLCV and TYLCV isolates, both TLCV-Ir and TYLCV-Ir genomes contain six open reading frames, two on the virion-sense strand and four on the complementary-sense strand. Sequence comparisons indicated that TLCV-Ir is substantially different from TYLCV-Ir with only 79% nucleotide sequence identity. Phylogenetic analysis showed while the TYLCV-Ir represents an isolate of TYLCV-Israel (TYLCV-Is) group, the TLCV-Ir is closer to TLCV isolates from southern India (TLCVs-Bangalore 2-5) which are most similar to other WTGs infecting tomato and cotton in Pakistan, India and East Asia and differ substantially from T(Y)LCVs of the Middle East, America, Europe and Australia.Presence of two tomato - infecting begomoviruses in the same area provides a favorable environment for recombination of these viruses.

A begomovirus, tentatively named Tobacco leaf curl Japan virus -JpU (TbLCJV-JpU), was isolated from Lonicera japonica (Honeysuckle) Plants Grown in Utsunomiya showing veinal chlorosis symptoms. The TbLCJV-JpU genome with 2, 761 nt showed a highest identity with TbLCJV-Jp3 and was also close to TbLCJV and as well to TbLCJV-Jp2. The overall nt identity with TbLCJV-Jp3 amounted to 92.94%, while the identities in encoded amino acid (aa) sequence of Coat Protein (CP) and putative products of AC1 and AV2 ORFs were as high as 98.05, 92.54 and 93.96%, respectively. Low sequence identities were observed in the Intergenic Region (IR) of TbLCJV-JpU as compared with TbLCJV, Ageratum yellow vein Taiwan virus-Kochi isolate and Honeysuckle yellow vein virus -Kagoshima isolates. Recombinations were detected in the 5´end (2650 to 2761) and extreme 3´ portion of the genome (220 to 350). Both regions demonstrated high identities with AYVTV-Kochi and HSYVV-Kagoshima. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of isolation of TbLCJV fromL. japonica.

Background and Objectives The tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is an important pest of tomato in Iran. Therefore, this study was done to investigate fluctuations in adult male population of this pest using sex pheromone traps in Sirvan County (Ilam Province, western Iran) during a growing season, which lasted before transplanting to the end of growing season. Materials and Methods For conducting this research, 4 tomato farms in Sirvan County were selected and the pest populations were sampled using pheromone traps. The Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to assess the relationship between adult moth density and temperature. For determining optimal sample size, the Green's method was used. Results According to results of the present study, there were seven population peaks at intervals of approximately one month. Flight peak of this pest occurred on May 10, June 14, July 19, August 23, October 4, November 8 ,and  December 6, respectively. The highest population density was recorded on July 19 (397.75 moths) and population density of this pest was declined since late November. Studying the relationship between average number of male moths of T. absoluta captured by pheromone traps and average monthly temperature in a growing season showed that with the increase in temperature, population density of moths was also increased. Results of regression analysis indicated that peaks about abundance of male moth coincided with the previous monthly mean temperatures. Taylor's regression model showed a significant and high correlation between mean and variance regarding density of pest population. Statistically, the aggregation index of tomato leaf miner was equal to one. In this study, Green's method was used to estimate optimal sample size. The results showed that the required number of sampling units was decreased with the increase in average population density of the pest so that, when average population density of tomato leaf miner moth in each pheromone trap was one per week, the required number of samples with an accuracy level of 25 and 10% was equal to 1.86 and 11.65, respectively, and when average population density of this pest in each pheromone trap was 10 per week, the required number of samples with an accuracy level of 25 and 10% was equal to 0.37 and 2.32, respectively. Discussion Our results demonstrated that pheromone traps can be used as a suitable sampling method for monitoring population of the tomato leaf miner. This study provided the data about sampling, population distribution, fluctuations in population of tomato leaf miner, and the relationship between population density of the pest and temperature. Our findings can greatly contribute to rational management of this pest in the region.

Introduction: A major component in a crop growth model is leaf area development, which has crucial influence on photosynthesis and transpiration. Leaf area development involves the appearance of new leaves, expansion of the newly emerged leaves and senescence of old leaves. Modeling leaf growth has been extensively studied in many crops including cereals. Methods of predicting leaf area development are diverse from those dealing with the individual component processes of leaf growth, viz., leaf appearance, leaf expansion and leaf death to the models predicting leaf growth at the whole plant or whole crop levels. The concept of leaf lifetime is used in some crop simulations models to quantify the aging of the leaves after reaching thermal time to a certain amount. There is very little information about wheat aging time in the field, and most estimates of leaf lifetime are related to this observation that says on the main stem of wheat, at least 3 to 5 green leaves remains until pollination; one leaf is in the early stages of development, another leaf is completely developed and one to three leaves are aging. Quantitative information regarding leaf area development in wheat especially in environmental conditions with high temperatures for the purpose of crop modeling is scarce. Furthermore, genotypic variations have not been evaluated. Therefore, the goal of this research was to determine parameters related to leaf lifetime in wheat cultivars in warm environmental conditions. Materials and Methods: The aim of this study was to quantify leaf lifetime of 15 different wheat cultivars. Two field experiments with 15 wheat cultivars (Atrak, Bayat, Chamran, Chenab, Dez, Ineia, Kavir, Marvdasht, Shiraz, S78-18, Yavaroos and shova-Mald) were conducted at the research farm of the Islamic Azad University of Ramhormoz Branch, south-western of Iran during 2008-9 and 2009-10 using a randomized complete block design with four replications. To determine leaf lifetime, a logistic model (Amax/[(1+exp)-a(x-b)]) was used in two stages. At first phase, changes in total plant leaf number versus growing degree days was determined, then, changes in plant senesced leaf number versus growing degree days were investigated. Results and Discussion: The results indicate that the average of leaf lifetime based on growing degree days was 468. 8 C dᵒ . This conclusion shows at optimum condition in terms of temperature, on average, a leaf lasts 468. 8 C dᵒ . The average of phyllochron (the interval time between the sequential emergence of leaves on the main stem of a plant) was 84 C dᵒ in studied cultivars, upon which, the average of leaf lifetime in cultivars was 5. 5 phyllochron. Hence, knowing the differences among hybrids in leaf area attributes may be useful in plant breeding, crop management and in wheat growth modeling. Conclusions: Based on the results, there were no significant differences between wheat cultivars in terms of parameters related to leaf lifetime on stem. The relationships presented in this study describe leaf lifetime under well watered condition and reflect the effects of carbon and nitrogen availability and remobilization under these conditions. However, they do not account for the effects of shortage of carbon, nitrogen or water on leaf development. Other relationships are required to predict these effects.

The cotton leaf roller moth, Haritalodes derogata (Fabricius, 1775) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) was collected on two kinds of flowering shrubs, Hibiscus syriacusL. and Hibiscus mutabilis L., in Rasht, Guilan Province, during August 2013. This species represents a generic new record for the fauna of Iran. A brief description of the species is provided to facilitate the identification.

Leaf anatomy of 17 taxa of the genus Hieracium belonging to two subgenera and six sections was examined using light microscopy in order to evaluate its systematic important. The studied anatomical characteristics show considerable variability among different species but are constant among different populations of one species. 28 characters were examined and among them, some characters have taxonomic value and can be used in delimitation of subgenera, sections, subsections and species. The most important characters are: presence or absence of lateral vascular bundles; main midrib shape; the thickness of epidermis, parenchyma, collenchyma and cuticle; the length of vascular bundles, xylem and phloem; lamina symmetry; the number of lateral vascular bundles and in few cases stomata size, the shape of epidermal cells and anticlinal walls. Moreover, an identification key to leaf anatomy of the species of Hieracium in Iran is given.

Environmental stresses, especially in pastures, cause yield reduction.Therefore, growing species which endure stressful conditions is important. The leguminous species due to their heliotropic functionality could reduce these stresses. Solar tracking leaf movements in some plant families are one of the important ecological adaptations. The leguminous species during the leaf movements regulate the incident radiation and leaf water potential. In favourite environmental conditions leaves are diaheliotropic and intercept more radiation, while during the stress conditions they move away, paraheliotropic, from the sun incident radiation.Therefore, the aim of this research is to evaluate the effect of bean leaf movements at heat stress condition on instantaneous leaf water-use efficiency (WUEi), stomatal conductance and leaf temperature. Potted plants of bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. var.Provider) at the stage of the second extended trifoliate leaf, which were grown in Chicot sandy loam soil under well-watered condition in greenhouse, were chosen for this research. One plant was used to measure the pulvinus water status and pulvinus bending by using a beta-ray gauging (BRG) meter using a point source of thallium-204 (204Tl).Leaf gas exchange measurements took place at air temperature interval of 33-42oC by a steady-state LI-6200 photosynthesis system. A Copper-constantan thermocouple was used to monitor pulvinus temperature. Pulvinus bending followed the daily circadian rhythm. Quadratic significant correlations were found between leaf-incident angle and stomatal conductance (R2=0.54; P<0.01), and photosynthesis rate (R2=0.84; P<0.01). By reduction of leaf-incident angle and increase of air temperature WUEi reduced. The leaf temperature remained bellow air temperature and was a significant function of it (r=0.92; P<0.01). In conclusion, air thermal stress causes leaf paraheliotropic movement, and regulate leaf temperature and leaf water loses.