lime fruit has significance important because of its economic value and beneficial nutritional composition. Fresh lime consumption compared to other processing methods is reduced for the lack of storage facilities and suitable packaging. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of salicylic acid concentrations of 0, 1, 2 and 3 mM on the lime fruit shelf life (0, 20, 40 and 60 days) in a factorial arrangement based on a completely randomized design. According to the findings of this study, the index of chroma (5. 5%), weight loss (9%) and vitamin C (66%) during storage were higher than harvest time, but pulp firmness (62%), total acidity (24%) and peel freshness (37%) decreased. Salicylic acid treatments were unable to maintain fruit weight, but salicylic acid 1 mM was effective in maintaining the antioxidant properties, and salicylic acid at 1 and 2 mM maintained peel firmness compared to control. At the end of the storage period, the highest pulp firmness and vitamin C related to application of salicylic acid at 2 mM. However, salicylic acid at 1 mM resulted in the highest soluble solids and acid contents. It seems that packaging lime with 1 and 2 mM salicylic acid was able to maintain the lime fruit quality up to 60 days.

Despite successful lime witches'-broom (LWB) phytoplasma transmission by Hishimonus phycitis to the lime trees and Bakraee seedlings, there is no published document regarding LWB transmission by H. phycitis to lime seedlings. To study the possibility of vector-based transmission to lime seedlings, the feral leafhoppers were collected in LWB-infected lime orchards and caged on one-year old Mexican lime seedlings. Six months after inoculation, 50% of inoculated seedlings showed typical symptoms of LWB and were strongly positive in PCR assays. To our knowledge, this is the first report of transmission of Ca. P. aurantifolia to Mexican lime seedlings by H. phycitis under greenhouse condition.

Since lime- stabilization is effective on different soil size ranging from sand and finer, the influence of lime and clay content on CBR strength of these soils is investigated. lime combines with the clay part of these soils and provides cemented materials, which is similar to concrete. Hence, the variation in clay and lime content will affect the amount of cemented materials and consequently the strength. Providing some lime- stabilized clayey sand samples, the effect of clay and lime content on CBR strength is evaluated. The results show that in a particular range of clay content, the mixes have the maximum strength variations and, the optimum lime content is about 7 to 8 percent.

The existence of soft clay and dispersive soft clay at the site of engineering structures is regarded as one of the geotechnical problems. This study is performed on silty soft clay that according to the experimental results showed 100% dispersivity potential. Due to the low bearing capacity of this type of soil in the site, the slaked lime was used to stabilize the soil geotechnical properties, to increase its strength, to decrease plasticity behaviour of soil, and to overcome its dispersive properties. The main goal of the present study is to determine the growth rate and progress of lime-soil pozzolanic reactions in short and long terms from micro- and macro- structural point of view, as well as the measurement of the consumed lime rate over the time and its effect on mechanical parameters of the stabilized soil. The results of this study allow determining the minimum percentage of the lime that is necessary to react with clay minerals for making an acceptable change in long-term properties of stabilized soil. Since the hydration of cement produces lime, one would expect that a main element of the soil–cement interaction process can be studied in terms of interactions between lime and clay minerals. The addition of lime or cement to clay minerals and clayey soils – i.e. soils with a significant proportion of clay minerals – in the presence of water produces both short term and long-term reactions. In this regard, a number of tests carried out with different percentages (0 to 10 percent) of hydrated lime. The pH, electric conductivity (EC), unconfined compressive strength, and lime consumption rate determination by X-ray diffraction analysis were the tests used in this study to observe the progress of lime reaction with clay. In order to determine the microstructural and mineralogical changes, and reaction products formed in the modified soil, X-ray diffraction (XRD) evaluation and scanning electron microscopy images have been used. Among the most important results of the present study, this paper propose a simple criterion for the onset of pozzolanic reactions and determination of the consumed lime rate during the pozzolanic reaction process based on pH and electric conductivity measurements. Based on the results from pH, EC, XRD, and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests, the pozzolanic reaction occurs at EC³4 mS/cm. Following that, the formation of new components such as calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) and calcium aluminate hydrate (CAH) causes an increase in soil strength. Over the time, with the reduction of EC£4 mS/cm and pH£12.4, the progress rate of pozzolanic reaction and the progress rate in soil strength suspend. The results show that for the dispersive soil around 3-4% lime is sufficient for its short-term reaction, which includes cation exchange. Based on the achieved results, the use of 6% lime for stabilization of sample gives EC³4.0 mS/cm and pH³12 after the first 14 days period. The unconfined compressive strength of the stabilized sample increased around 10 times in the same period, while only 5% increase in strength observed after 14 days (EC£4.0 mS/cm and pH£12).

The instability of earth slopes in open channels has always been considered by hydraulic engineering. In the present study, the application of lime and nano lime in control of failure in the side slope of the earth channel has been investigated experimentally. Results showed lining of 20% lime and 5% nano lime increased the angle of internal friction 31.8% and 35.5%, respectively and cohesion reached a value of 3.3 kPa. In feeding, for slopes of 26.5, 33, 45 and 53-degree failure occurred in water levels of 560 mm, 460 mm, 460 mm and 410 mm, respectively. For the seepage situation, the slope of 26.5 degree was stable and slopes of 33 and 45 became instable in a water level of 510 mm. Slopes of 45 degree with 10% lime and 53 degree with 20% lime were stable in the maximum level of 660 mm. Potential variation behind the slope showed curve procedure with lime percent. The lining of the side slop with lime and nano lime decreased seepage discharge in the same water level. Also, the application of lime and nano lime changed the shape of the failure zone and using nano lime decreased cracks in size. In feeding, without and with lime lining, curved failure surface and crack were observed on the slope.

This study presents the results of large scale laboratory model tests to investigate the behavior of Compacted lime -Soil (CL-S) rigid stone columns in soft soils. The unit cell idealization is used for construction of composite specimens to evaluate the influence of different parameters such as the diameter of the column (D), the slenderness ratio (L/D) and the area ratio (Ar). Experiments were carried out on both end bearing and floating columns. Load was applied over entire area of the specimens to find the stiffness of the improved ground. Based on the results, it was concluded that CLS columns increase the load carrying capacity and reduce the settlement of soft soils. In addition, the results show the influence of model size on the stiffness of the specimens which means that the load carrying capacity decreases by increasing the size of the model. However, for specimens containing columns with diameters greater than 100 mm, the variation of stiffness becomes negligible and hence the results can be used to extrapolate and predict the full size behavior of these columns. The experimental results were compared with results reported in the literature for conventional stone columns.

Background: Sewage sludge (Biosolids) is a byproduct of wastewater treatment that accumulates in large quantities. Effective stabilization and disinfection of sewage sludge prior to land application are necessary to not only protect human health, but also to induce the public its benefits and safety. Currently, many wastewater treatment plants in Iran dispose great amounts of untreated sewage sludge to the environment. Objectives: The purpose of this work was to upgrade wastewater treatment plants by lime stabilization of waste sludge. Materials and Methods: lime stabilization of waste sludge from Shoosh wastewater treatment plant was performed in a 10-L reactor.Microbial quality of lime-stabilized sludge was checked for 6 weeks in the reactor. During this stage, pH, FC (fecal coliforms) and viable helminthes ova density were determined and compared with sludge stabilized criteria suggested by USEPA.Results: Average number of fecal coliforms and viable helminthes ova in waste sludge were 1.65 × 1012 MPN/g of dry solids (DS) and 353 ova/4 g of dry solids, respectively. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that sewage sludge stabilization with hydrated lime reduced fecal coliforms more than 99.99% and also stabilized sludge covered standards of class B of USEPA criteria.

It is necessary to determine the thermophysical properties of the various types of agricultural products in order to control thermal operations, as well as processes such as drying, freezing, cooling, and pasteurization. Moreover, most of the products' thermophysical properties vary by the temperature changes and the percentage of water content. Therefore, the mathematical models expressing the relationship of these properties serve as a beneficial tool for designing automatic processes and equipment. The present research entails the examination of the impact of four levels of soluble solid content 15, 20, 25, and 30 %, and nine levels of temperature 28.6, 35.4, 40.5, 47.6, 56.1, 63.3, 72.3, 83.2, and 90 °C on the thermophysical properties of lime juice including density, specific heat, thermal conductivity coefficient, and thermal diffusivity coefficient. Based on the results, soluble solid content and temperature had a significant impact (p≤ 0.05) on the thermophysical properties of lime juice. By increasing the percentage of the soluble solid content, the properties such as specific heat (from 3321 to 2897 J/kg°C), thermal conductivity coefficient (from 0.69 to 0.54 W/m°C), and thermal diffusivity coefficient (from 2.10×10-7 to 1.61×10-7 m2/s) decreased but the density was increased (from 1013 to 1057 kg/m3). Furthermore, by increasing the temperature, the values of specific heat, thermal conductivity coefficient, and thermal diffusivity coefficient increased but the density was decreased. Consequently, to model the thermophysical properties, the multivariable regression method and Matlab software were employed and the results of the examination were fitted. The coefficient of determination of linear models of density 0.94, specific heat 0.93, thermal conductivity, and thermal diffusivity 0.98. In accordance with the results, all thermophysical properties had a linear relationship with the independent variables such as temperature and soluble solid content.