A derivative (mushtaq) in Sadra’s philosophical jargon, he claims, is what mystics call as "name" (Ism). Elsewhere proposing a subtle distinction between names, descriptions and essences he mentions the word “name” on a par with derivatives. In Mafatih-alghayb he puts this view forward that opposite to real things, mental universal intelligibles are capable of being referred by names. Moreover he claims that there is a hierarchy (species, genus…) of names in divine world on a par with things in real world. Later he rejects the very point of view that only universal essences (quiddities) are capable of being named and surprisingly add particulars as well as secondary intelligibles to the inventory of those who are referred by naes.He seems to enjoy an incredible double status in talking about meanings; a narrow point of view and a wide one; the latter being more evident when addressing reference-less names and name-less references. To be sure, the most novel aspect of Sadra’s theory is on naming the God (Allah). In Al-Asfar, he argues that the name of the God is a name for everything, and the reference of his name, is what referred to by every name. Having this singular property be satisfied, it is hard, if possible, to match ordinary theories of meaning to that of Sadra. That’s why I think those philosophers, Sajjad Rizvi for example, who use modern jargon in their interpretations of Sadrian theory of meaning, do mistakes.

The phrase "Ḥadīthunā" appears in several categories of well-known hadiths, including the difficult and complex traditions. The texts and Isnad of these hadiths are generally reliable, and there is no serious doubt about attributing them to the impeccable Imams (AS). What is questionable, however, is the meaning of this phrase and the intended message of the Ahl al-Bayt (AS). In this article, an attempt has been made to first identify the juristic conceptualization of the apparent and initial meaning of "Ḥadīthunā" based on the process outlined in the book "Ḥadīth Understandin Method." Then, internal and external indicators, especially within the hadith tradition, have been examined. Based on this endeavor, we have concluded that "Ḥadīthunā" refers to the exalted status of the Ahl al-Bayt (AS) and their unparalleled virtues and perfections. This conclusion contradicts a few traditions in which "Ḥadīthunā" are translated as the sublime and scientific content of their words. However, this initial conflict is resolvable. The proposed solution is to consider the lofty sciences and knowledge found in their words as part of their existential virtues.

In Saussure's thought، language is a passive and collective، universal system of signs، agreed upon by the members of a community، which is installed and fixed in their minds like software. The signs of language only gain their value، role، and meaning in relation to each other within the system، and they are contrasted with one another. Therefore، it is not the form، gender، or other characteristics that determine the role، value، and meaning of a sign، but the structure، rules، and conventions. In fact، it is language that makes speech and thought possible by creating distinctions. In this way، the source of meaning in structuralist thought is language، which، according to the features assigned to it، exists before the speaker and text. This study، using a descriptive-analytical method، aims to explain Saussurian structuralist semantics while highlighting the shortcomings of this approach. The result of the study shows that Saussure’s structural semiotic system is like a dictionary، where signs are mechanically connected to referents in a closed، collective system، and signs are distinguished from one another in a structural order. As a result، the word is considered the unit of meaning study، and linguistic knowledge is treated as encyclopedic knowledge. When we consider the word as the unit of meaning study، we assume that words have meaning before being placed in a sentence، whereas the meaning of a word cannot be analyzed independently of the context it is used in، the prevailing atmosphere، and the information stored in the memory of language users

David Kaplan divides indexicals into pure indexicals and true demonstratives, and holds that pure indexicals have character (linguistic meaning) and they can determine their referents (contents) only in a context. But true demonstratives lack the character unless they are used in a context and in this case they gain a character and can determine their referents. In this latter view, Kaplan has followed Frege. In bare bone theory both kinds of indexicals have character independently of context. But in this theory context has demonstratum as one of its ingredients. Nathan Salmon, too, agrees with bare bone theory except he holds that context has demonstration instead of demonstratum. I believe that among these three views, Salmon’s is more logical and matches more with our intuition.

This paper discusses about the future of the World Wide Web development, called Semantic Web. Undoubtedly, Web service is one of the most important services on the Internet, which has had the greatest impact on the generalization of the Internet in human societies. Internet penetration has been an effective factor in growth of the volume of information on the Web. The massive growth of information on the Web has led to some problems, the most important one is search query. Nowadays, search engines use different techniques to deliver high quality results, but we still see that search results are not ideal. It should also be noted that information retrieval techniques to a certain extent can increase the search accuracy. Most of the web content is designed for human usage and machines are only able to understand and manipulate data at word level. This is the major limitation for providing better services to web users. The solution provided for this topic is to display the content of the web in such a way that it can be readily understood and comprehensible to the machine. This solution, which will lead to a huge transformation on the Web is called the Semantic Web and will begin. Better results for responding to the search for semantic web users, is the purpose of this research. In the proposed method, the expression, searched by the user, will be examined according to the related topics. The response obtained from this section enters to a rating system, which is consisted of a fuzzy decision-making system and a hierarchical clustering system, to return better results to the user. It should be noted that the proposed method does not require any prior knowledge for clustering the data. In addition, accuracy and comprehensiveness of the response are measured. Finally, the F test is applied to obtain a criterion for evaluating the performance of the algorithm and systems. The results of the test show that the method presented in this paper can provide a more precise and comprehensive response than its similar methods and it increases the accuracy up to 1. 22%, on average.

In other articles, we have examined Mortaza Hajhosseini's natural deduction systems as presented in the second edition of his book, "Two Non-Classical Logic Systems: A New Outlook on Elements of Logic." In this article, our focus shifts to the semantics of these systems and an analysis of the issues surrounding soundness and completeness, as proven by Hajhosseini. We find that the book lacks clear definitions or definite specifications for several semantical terms used, including 'world,' 'supposed,' 'supposible,' 'basic situation,' and 'basic model.' Consequently, the semantic concepts of "validity" and "truth-preserving" in this context can be subject to multiple interpretations, some of which render certain relevant inferences irrelevant while others deem irrelevant inferences valid.Furthermore, we demonstrate that this semantics framework is incompatible with the proof theory presented in the book. The meta-theorems of soundness and completeness, as formulated, are erroneous and can be refuted with counterexamples. For instance, within the truth-functional system's semantics outlined in the book, a logical truth implies any other logical truth. However, the proofs provided in the book's natural deduction system are deemed 'invalid' because they violate Dag Prawitz's "normality" condition.

The study of the meaning is the oldest intellectual concerns of human over time and in various cultures and civilizations. The meaning has occupied the Chinese and Indian thinkers and philosophers of the Greeks and Romans during centuries. The Arab and Muslim linguists and others mostly shared in study of many issues related to meaning of the words.Arab's linguistic research has focus on determining of meaning and purposes of Quran. The discussion and survey of issues that took place among the Arab and Islamic scholars related to meaning. But the study of meaning in Islamic and Arabic heritage had merged in the other linguistic studies and the issue mixed with various knowledge and had not the distinctive title and was not independent in his themes and specific criteria.But unfortunately many researchers thought that the semantics is the knowledge that its bases and principals have grown and grew up in the modern linguistic studies and the Arab and Muslim scholars didn't know it.This research aims to state the contributions of Islamic and Arabs scholars in establishing the principles of bases related to semantics and illustrates the extent of their interest in meaning. And I chose Ibn Jenni as representative of earlier scholars. Because he was one of the greatest scholars who have made a bright example for the issues of language in the Arab and Islamic heritage. In fact, this study states the Ibn Jenni s studies and shows the extent of his interest to it in various forms. In addition, the study states that a loit of results of the modern semantic studies, received by the scholars of Arabia. While studying the language which made us say that semantics is ancient science that linguists dealt with it in earlier time and is modern as its bases and foundations, and methodology have been identified in the beginning twentieth century until it become independent science after that was studied inside other linguistic studies.

The semantics of complex demonstratives is one of the most important and controversial topics in philosophy of language which has never been ceased to attract philosophers’ interest and attention. In this article, we will examine the most fundamental problems regarding complex demonstratives including the question of whether complex demonstratives are rigid designators and directly referential or rather, are quantified expressions. We will also examine the question that in a demonstrative like “ That F” , does F play any role in a successful designation of the demonstrative. The last question is whether F has any share in the proposition of the content of the sentence in which the complex demonstrative has been used. Our answer to the first question is that complex demonstratives are directly referential and rigid designators. In response to the second question we will defend the idea that having the property F is a necessary condition for the referent if the complex demonstrative is to successfully refer to it, otherwise it won’ t refer to anything. Lastly, our answer to the third question is that F has no share in the proposition or the content of the sentence.

semantics is a part of logic that examines the relations between language objects or terms and their referents. In this realm, such concepts as tIuth, denotation, definition, name, reference and so on are analyzed.In the present article the formation of semantics, its origin, the obstacles in its way, and its historical development will be discussed. Since the discussion about the concept of truth and "the meaning effective predicate" is situated in the center of semantic investigation, and because it was in Poland that Twardowski and his students began research about the concept of truth during 1900-1930, so it is necessary to have a short account of the history of truth in Poland at the beginning of the article. Then Hilbert's attempts in metamathematics and particularly his considerable method in the analysis of metamathematical concepts will be discussed.Finally, there will be a report about the synthesis of truth and Hilbert method in the mind of Lesniewski and Tarski.Vienna Circle’s positivist thinkers opposition to Tarski's views regarding semantic analysis of truth, how Ca/'nap is convinced by Tarski in this field, and also the extension of semantics in these arguments and £n the explanatory essays of Carnap and Tarski are the subjects which have been discussed briefly at the end of this essay.