Least square matching (LSM) is one of the most accurate image matching methods in photogrammetry and remote sensing. The main disadvantage of the LSM is its high computational complexity due to large size of observation equations. To address this problem, in this paper a novel method, called fast least square matching (FLSM) is being presented. The main idea of the proposed FLSM is decreasing the size of the observation equations to improve the efficiency of the matching process. For this purpose, the pixels in the matching window are ordered using a special robustness measure. Then, a specific percent of the pixels with the highest robustness is selected for matching process. The phase congruency and entropy measures are used to compute the proposed robustness measure. The proposed FLSM method was successfully applied to match various synthetic and real image pairs, and the results demonstrate its capability to increase matching efficiency. The matching results show that the proposed FLSM method is three times faster than standard LSM method.

The concept of 2-normed spaces and 2-Banach spaces are considered as a generalization of normed and Banach spaces. In the present paper, we have studied the existence of square roots and quasi square roots of some elements of a 2-Banach algebra. Moreover, the relation between nth roots and quasi nth roots of elements in 2-Banach algebras are considered.

Background and Objectives: Public spaces are fixed components in the urban fabric, and urban squares serve as prime examples. These squares can narrate the historical development and urban transformations of a city. The main square of Rasht also possesses this characteristic, and studying its conditions can provide new insights into the history of Rasht. At first glance, the history of urban civilization and architecture in Rasht, particularly the Municipality square—given the architectural styles of the buildings in the square—seems to date back to the Pahlavi period. However, Rasht was a prosperous city with prominent urban elements even before this period. Unfortunately, most of the prominent structures from pre-Pahlavi periods have been demolished due to various reasons. Beyond references in historical materials such as books, maps, pictures, and travelogues, there are no remaining structures from these earlier periods. This lack of remnants has caused minimal attention to be paid to the central square of Rasht in historical periods prior to the Pahlavi era. In particular, paying close attention to the central area of the city and the square is a crucial and noteworthy aspect of this issue. The objective of this study is to   re-examine the architectural identity and the physical-functional system of the central square of Rasht in a historical context, or in other .words, to trace the history of this square :Methodes The overall approach of this study is qualitative, employing an interpretive and historical perspective based on historical evidence. After reviewing and re-reading historical texts and documents, the processes of formation, establishment, and the historical events and transformations affecting the fate of Rasht’s main square have been analyzed. Given the recognition of the square’s past status and the course of its transformations, the primary sources utilized are historical texts and original documents from the corresponding period. Additionally, efforts have been made to identify key sections by analyzing descriptions from travel writers, historical images, and illustrations, particularly to provide a depiction of the physical state of Rasht’s square. To validate the information presented in this article, multiple sources have been concurrently considered to corroborate each topic, and initial interpretations have been cross-referenced with physical evidence. Findings: Based on the conducted studies regarding the status of Rasht city and its central square, and the physical and functional characteristics of the square, it is impossible to overlook the role and history of civilization in Rasht and its central square, particularly in the 4th century (during the time of Master Abu Ja’far). However, due to the lack of credible and accurate documents, it is not possible to definitively comment on the exact physical and functional state of Rasht city during the 4th and 5th centuries. The existing references to certain physical components (such as the extensive field-like area, the Grand Mosque, and the bazaar) can be considered indications of the initial origins of the square. In these two periods (the Ilkhanid and Timurid), based on the physical elements, the square had functional characteristics related to governance, economy, society, and religion. A noteworthy aspect of Rasht’s square during the Safavid period is the mention of the Sabz-Maidan (Green square) in Rasht. In the Safavid era, Sabz-Maidan was a square located near the government house (Dar al-Emāra), the cemetery, the tomb of Master Abu Ja’far, and the bazaar. In the early Qajar period, the process of changes in Rasht city and its square continued, and the construction of physical spaces (such as the Tekyeh Dowlat and Naqqāreh Khāneh buildings) was added. However, these changes did not disrupt the coherence and authenticity of the Darb-Khāneh-e-Diwani square complex. In the final years of the Qajar period, the physical system and functional role of the square underwent changes, and the change in the style of buildings constructed in the square, based on Eastern European Neoclassical architecture, is its main physical characteristic, which led to the removal of the religious elements of the square and its surroundings. The below table provided summarizes these physical and functional characteristics of Rasht’s central square across different historical  periods. :Conclusion Based on the evidence presented in this article, the Great square, Green square (Rasht square, Pay-e-Chenar square), Darb-Khāneh-e-Diwani square, Baladīye square, or in other words, the current Municipality square, narrates the historical transformations of the central area of Rasht city until today. According to the conducted studies, each historical period has exhibited different physical and functional characteristics of this area. A notable point is the status of this area prior to the Safavid era, where its religious and social roles were particularly significant. Considering the ensemble of physical elements and functional systems within these spaces within the square, it can be inferred that alongside governmental, economic, and social roles, the square’s religious role has been continuously present from the Ilkhanid to the Qajar periods. This religious significance was even further strengthened during the Qajar era with the construction of the Takyeh Dowlat and Naqareh-khane buildings. :Highlights The main square of Rasht city has features that rereading it can provide new aspects of the history of Rasht city. Among the unclear points about this square are the location of the city’s Dar al-Hukomah in the Ilkhanid and Timurid Eras and the Safavid Daralamare, as well as the challenging issues related to the Meidane-Sabz in the Safavid Era and its difference from the Meidane-Sabz in the Qajar Era. Currently, the construction of buildings with neoclassical architecture, restricted access, and the removal of religious functions (the destruction of the tomb of Abu Jaafar and the mansions of Takyeh Dowlat and Naqareh-khane) have altered the square’s original condition.

As a new method in literary criticism, semiotics is applied in terms of various processes one of which is tension process. In such process, a relationship is made between semiotic elements in which meaning plays the role of an element fluctuating between periphery and center. Accordingly, in sensual-perceptual activity a kind of process can be identified in which all the elements of tension are dynamically present. By the aid of these elements and in a discursive process, the rebel is placed at the center of sensual tensions. Then, relative to the depth of tension, it triggers the formation of signifieds. Such presence leads discourse to a kind of value system on which discursive content is based and confronts us with created meaning. While explaining the semiotic characteristics of Daghughi tale of Mathnavi, this article tries to analyze the transition from semiotic square to tension square and the formation of tension process in this tale by using analytical-descriptive method in order to provide an answer for this important question that how tension process can change discursive conditions and produce floating meanings. In fact, this article aims to show how an approximated mystic, as the rational Self, is disintegrated from himself via an emotional-tensional relationship. Then, in a mystical journey and via a transcendental process, he can see the Substitutes and, in a higher stage, achieve the status of Unity with God.

In Iranian cities, the governor's thinking and worldview have always impressed the formation of the city's physical spaces. From the beginning of the Safavid era, during the reign of Shah Tahmasb, the creation of royal complexes next to a wide square was on the agenda. During the reign of Shah Abbas I, we encountered urban design for the first time in the post-Islamic era. The preferred place for new construction was mainly outside the old cities or in a new place. The purposeful use of space and architecture production was considered to instill the opinion of power. The square was the most significant symbol and manifestation of power in the Safavid government, and the Safavid kings, especially Shah Abbas, demonstrated significant interest in creating magnificent squares; its shining point was Naqsh Jahan square in Isfahan. This research is based on the hypothesis that the thought system of the Safavid had an impact on other parts of the country, too. After examining Qazvin and Naqshe Jahan squares, this study focuses on Ganj Ali Khan square in Kerman, the region's administrative center. Ganjali Khan Zik, the ruler Shah Abbas chose for Kerman, built Ganjali Khan square and the complex. Inspired by this policy, the city of Kerman was revitalized. The construction site of the complex was in the center of the old city, differing from the methods of the Safavid kings. Many buildings were purchased and destroyed to make way for it. This article deals with the Safavid fields of Qazvin, Naqshejahan, and Ganjali Khan by reviewing documents, previous research, and field observations. It investigates the influence of motivation and the governor's belief in their construction, focusing on aspects such as space, architecture, usage, and rituals. By emphasizing Ganjali Khan square and its complex, the article proves that architectural patterns and urban landscape were evolving at the same time as the policies of the Safavid government. It concludes that Ganjali Khan square, despite its smaller proportions and different uses compared to Royal squares, was a complete and unique example of Safavid period squares and was influenced by Ganjali Khan's style.

Julien Greimas, a French man with Lithuanian descent, has a great knowledge on semantics and narratives. Greimas, who is one of the highlighted European thinkers on the grounds of “Componential analysis” of semantics, has tried to present a coherent and systematic pattern for the study of narration and story. This article is based on the semiotics analysis of “Mahi seyah kochoolo” (Little black fish) story and it tries to review the semiotics phase of this discourse according to Greimas model of study.In this article, we examine the semiotics process of “Mahi seyah kochoolo” story in order to find a right answer to this question: “What are the main elements, which make meaning in the aforesaid story?” In other words, “What are the elements of meaning production in this story?”The aim of this article is to review the narrative features of this story in order to make clear that how a story will pass from itself to break the narrative restriction and cause narrative diversit.

The problem of darcian natural convection in inclined square cavity partially filled between the central square hole filled with fluid and inside a square porous cavity filled with nanofluid is numerically studied using the finite element method. The left vertical wall is maintained at a constant hot temperature Th and the right vertical wall is maintained at a constant cold temperature Tc, while the horizontal walls are adiabatic. The governing equations are obtained by applying the Darcy model and Boussinesq approximation. COMSOL’s finite element method is used to solve the non-dimensional governing equations together with the specified boundary conditions. The governing parameters of this study are the Rayleigh number.

We study almost contact generalized square Finsler manifolds and introduce the notion of $K$-contact Finsler structures. Then, we characterize generalized square $K$-contact almost contact manifolds. As an application, we show that every $3$-dimensional Lie group admits a left-invariant generalized square Finsler structure.

In this paper, we remark some of the well-known curvature properties of square Finsler metrics. Then, we study weakly stretch square Finsler metrics.

Given a finite group G, let p(G) denote the probability that a randomly chosen element in G has a square root. The object of this paper is to show that the set {p(G) |G is a finite group} is a dense subset of the closed interval [0,1].