Background: The etiology of End stage Renal Disease (ESRD) in every community differs according to genetic, nutrition, and public health status. ESRD, the terminal stage of chronic renal failure, needs replacement therapy otherwise could lead to death.The aim of the study is to determine the relative frequency of ESRD etiology in hemodialysis patients of Gilan province.Methods: This descriptive study was performed on 407 patients who were being hemodialysisin all hemodialysis centers of the Gilan province from September 2002 to September 2003. The original data was collected from the medical records of patients.Results: The most prevalent causes were: hypertension 35.4%; unknown etiology 16.2%; diabetes mellitus 13.8%, glomerulopathies 9.6%, urologic causes 9.1%, cystic kidney diseases 7.6 %; other causes 5.9 %; congenital 2.5%.Conclusion: In our study hypertension was the first etiology of ESRD, followed by unknown causes, however nephrology textbooks indicate diabetes mellitus as the primary and hypertension as the secondary etiology of ESRD.

Background: Chronic renal failure defines as progressive and irreversible dysfunction of kidneys that could eventually terminated to end stage renal disease (GFR<10% NL).Because of therapeutic problem and high mortality and morbidity and it "s implication quality of life , ESRD is one of the important dilemma of pediatric medicine .Materials and Methods: In our study 216 patients evaluated . Results: Male to female ratio was 1.1 . The peak of the presenting age of ESRD was 10 years old (8-12 y). Congenital urological malformation (30%) , glomerulopathies (20%) , hereditary nephropathies (14.3%) , multisystem diseases (7%) and nephrolithiasis (6.2%) are the most common etiologies of ESRD . VUR in 21% and congenital obstructive disease in 8.5% are the etiology of ESRD. In patients with age five years old and lesser common causes of ESRD are congenital urologic malformation and glomerulopathies. In other age groups , urologic malformation is the most common cause of ESRD. In etiologic assessment of two separate 7 years interval , (1988-1993) and (1996-2003) , there was not any significant change in frequency of etiologies but frequency of congenital obstructive uropathy decreased from 10 % to 5.7%. Total amount of VUR (VUR ± Neuropathic bladder) has not any change but frequency of primary reflux nephropathy decreased from 14.2% to 8%. In this study , in 145 patients hemodialysis continued and 28 cases had unsuccessful renal transplant (13.8%) . 7.4 % of patients had successful renal replacement therapy (RRT) and mortality rate was 7.4% . B Conclusion: Based on that the most common cause of ESRD is all ages in congenital urologic malformations , early diagnosis and appropriate management of these cases are effective in decreasing incidence of ESRD and with respect to few cases of renal transplant and unsuccessful results in 65% of RRT , the approach of this problem should be revised.

Background and Aim: Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) constitutes 94% of oral malignancies. In recent decade many molecular and genetic changes have been known to affect tumoral behavior which might be good targets for new drug production. It is known that expression of EGF is correlated with poor prognosis and expression of laminin- 5 can lead to the development of premalignant lesions to in situ or invasive malignancies. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between the expression of EGFR and laminin- 5 with clinical stage and microscopic grade of oral see.Materials & Methods: Forty two paraffin blocks with diagnosis of see were collected from oral pathology department of Shahid Beheshti dental school. Immunohistochemical staining was performed with antibodies against EGFR and laminin -5. Two pathologists counted the number of stained cells under light microscope and expression of these two markers was compared by Kendal test.Results: No significant correlation was found between expression of EGFR and tumoral stage and grade. But a significant correlation was found between the expression of laminin-5 with tumoral grade and stage was found (p<0.01).Conclusion: It is concluded that laminin-5 is a marker with a significant effect in developing of a higher tumoral stage and grade but more precise researches are needed to identifying the role of EGFR.

This study was carried out to optimize in vitro micropropagation of fig tree cultivar Sabz. Initially, a completely randomized design (CRD) experiment consisting of different concentrations of cefotaxime was performed to identify the best antibiotic treatment to control internal bacterial infections. In the establishment stage, a CRD-factorial experiment included two culture media (MS and WPM), and different concentrations of BA (0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mg L-1) were performed to select the best establishment treatment. After four weeks, survival rate percentage, leaf number, and stem length indices were evaluated. In the shoot proliferation stage, MS salt medium enriched with different concentrations of BAP (0, 1, 2, and 3 mg L-1) in combination with IBA (0, and 0.1 mg L-1) were used. The results revealed that internal bacterial infections were successfully eliminated using 100 mg L-1 cefotaxime. In addition, the highest established explant rate (100%) was observed in the MS medium containing 0.5 mg L-1 BAP, which was significantly higher than the WPM medium (76.49%). Also, the results showed that the most significant number of proliferated shoots and leaf numbers were observed in treatments of 2 mg L-1 BAP + 0.1 mg L-1 IBA and 2 mg L-1 BAP (2.90 and 2.41 shoots, and 7.77 and 6.78 leaves, respectively). In addition, the highest shoot length was seen in treatments of 1 mg L-1 BAP + 0.1 mg L-1 IBA, control and 1 mg L-1 BAP (1.96, 1.48, and 1.51, respectively).

Introduction: Various members of the Tripartite-motif protein family contribute to different types of cancer, although the role of these factors in breast cancer is unclear. TRIM14 and TRIM29 have been reported to be overexpressed and play oncogenic roles in specific cancers. Methods: A total of 40 pairs of tumor tissues and adjacent normal tissues of breast cancer patients were obtained. Relative gene expression of TRIM14 and TRIM29 were determined through quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) using specific primers. Results: TRIM14 and TRIM29 were both overexpressed in breast tumor samples. The expression of TRIM14 was associated with tumor size, stage, and invasiveness. Nonetheless, no association was found between TRIM14 and the grade of the tumor. Also, TRIM29 gene expression was positively correlated with tumor size, stage, grade, and invasiveness. No correlation was found between the expression of TRIM14 and TRIM29. Conclusion: Based on our results, we propose TRIM14 and TRIM29 as potential tumor markers in breast cancer.

Background and Aim: Squamous cell carcinoma is the eighth common cancer and forms 94% of oral malignancies. Nowadays, many molecular and genetic changes have been known to affect tumoral behavior which might be good for drug production and gene therapy. It has been known that mutated P53, overexpression of P63 as an oncogene and HPV infection are correlated with clinicopathological behavior of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and it’s prognosis and overall survival rate. The aim of this study is to determine the correlation between the expression of P53, P63 and HPV infection with oral squamous cell carcinoma and it’s clinical staging and microscopical grading.Materials & Methods: Forty paraffin blocks with diagnosis of OSCC were collected from the pathology department, Shahid Beheshti School of Dentistry and the Department of general pathology, Taleghani hospital. Immunohistochemical staining was performed with antibodies against P53 and P63 and for detection of high risk types of HPV (HPV16, 18) polymerized chain reaction (PCR) was used. Spearman correlation test was used for data analyzing.Results: In this analytical cross-sectional study, we found significant correlation between P53 total score and staging (P=0.0001) and P53 total score and grading (P=0.013). There was also significant correlation between P63 proportional score and grading (P=0.049). HPV16 also had significant correlation with P53 total score (P=0.003). The mean nuclear staining of P53 was 33.04±25.66% (CI=24.94-41.14) and P 63 was 39.25±19.35 (CI 33.13-45.37). HPV frequency was 40% (HPV 16=20% and HPV18=7.5%). There was no significant correlation between P63 and HPV infection (P>0.05).Conclusion: We concluded that P63 could be a diagnostic marker for grading of OSCC and P53 and P63 expression might have some role in progression of OSCC and its clinicopathological behavior. Presence of HPV especially HPV 16 may be regarded as a risk factor in OSCC.

Background: Identification of common infections and their effective factors among transplant recipients plays a major role in prevention and control of these disorders. This study aimed to survey post-transplant early infections and their major risk factors.Methods: This prospective study was performed on 582 transplanted patients in Namazi transplant center from 2011 to 2013. These patients were followed up regarding the incidence of any kind of infection through Para clinical experiments for 6 months after transplantation. The patients who referred with clinical symptoms were followed, as well. The data were analyzed using the SPSS statistical software, version 19.Results: In this study, 140 patients experienced 194 types of infections during 6 months, 106 of whom had 133 kinds of infections which were mostly bacterial within the first month. Besides, 50 patients experienced 61 types of infections between the first and the sixth month. Bacterial infections comprised most of the cases within the first 6 months after transplantation. Among the risk factors, length of hospital stay (P=0.048 and OR=1.018) and MELD score (P=0.044 and OR=1.035) were significantly associated with post-transplant infections.Conclusion: The study findings showed that MELD score and length of hospital stay were significantly related to increase in the incidence of post-transplant early infections. Besides, most of these infections occurred within the first month after transplantation due to treatment processes and hospital infections. After the first month, opportunistic infections were common among the patients. By knowing these common infections and their risk factors, we can increase the readiness of the transplantation team for preventing and controlling these infections.