Space syntax is an influential theory which has been successfully applied to various disciplines such as archeaology and architecture to analyze spatial relationships. It has been defined as a method for representation and quantification of spatial patterns. Instrumental in this method is the definition of space as a two- dimensional convex structure. The method examines circulation in or through any space. The spaces that connect more spaces are thus defined as more integrated, while those with little circulation are considered to be segregated. Using the same method the central courtyard in a Persian house, for example, is highly integrated, while the talar and orosi rooms are segregated, although these are the most important summer and winter residential spaces, respectively. There are other spatial characteristics that are not considered in the application of the method: size, shape, function, atc. The paper tries to introduce and analyze the method and highlight its advantages and disadvantages.

Scholars have done various discussion on syntax and its origin. What can be infered from their argument is that, Arabic grammatical rules have lost their influences. Therefore, the leading proponents of syntactic school have tried to avoid this problem by writing grammatical rules for Arabic. Such attempts have been conducted by schools of Kufa, Basrah and Baghdad. It goes without saying that each of these schools possess its own rules and regulations. To teach the syntax remained from the past in accordance with the Basrah end Kufa school is considered to be neither appropriate nor right. In devising new syntax to fulfil our needs, descriptive approach is viewed as the best Choice. In recent descriptive studies, syntax: is devised based on both spoken and writen language. Such a descriptive appro<"lch includes both the over all shape and the change in the final vowels of Arabic words. Dialects are unacceptable issues because they are not based on descriptive syntax and they are far from it.

Iranian culture and islamic Belives are the main source of iranian music. Therefor the cos of the evolution of iranian music should be found in it"s inwardness and the islamic theosophy is the main source of the syntax of iranian traditional music. Islamic wisdom has two major effect on iranian music firstly prepare a productive language between educators and students. Secondly prepare a useful communication between Iranian music swells and their addressees. Thus the Islamic believes and Iranian tradition is the main outlines of the syntax of pioneer iranian music. Iranian music has two famous branches which are been usually used by music masterfuls. ln spite of some deductive shortsighted approaches, both of them have Islamic resources However the main part of Iranian music evolution has been occured in Islamic period. We can address a considerable number of famous clergymans whom know music as well as theology. In order to clarify the new way of avant-gard music, Iranian tradition and Islamic beliefs should be accurately scrutinized. Path of progress and rehabilitation of Iranian music can be followed only through Islamic believes. Therefore, Islamic theosophy, Iranian culture and our inveterate traditional music are the primary and constant source of Iranian music inspirations and the outlines of the syntax of avant-gard music which are able to clarify new horizons of Iranian avant-garde music.

Introduction The structure and shape of the historic core in many ancient cities of Iran were mainly disregarded in urban development trends. This has led to some problems of inconsistencies with new physical changes, lack of appropriate link with existing structural network and spatial isolation. The main structure of a city is a set of interrelated and continuous urban spaces encompassing the essential elements and main activities of the city. Understanding this structure requires a thorough analysis of all aspects of the phenomenon. Among the theories dealing with the urban spatial structure, the space syntax theory has useful capabilities to address the problems. In the past decades, Urmia has experienced major changes in its traditional structure and also the historic core of this city like many other cities. Under the influence of hasty actions, this has undergone numerous difficulties. The objective of this paper is to identify and analyze the growth process of urban development of Urmia and its structure. Thus, we have addressed the effects of contemporary physical changes on the spatial structure of the historical district and the relationship between key elements of the historical structure to investigate the spatial coherence. We have used the Space syntax theory to analyze the structure and spatial configuration of the city. According to selected parameters for analyzing the urban structure during various periods, the main goal is to study the changes of values and the performance of historical texture through the analysis of the elements of urban spatial structure and the output spatial parameters of this theory. Methodology This is a descriptive, quantitative and a comparative research in methodology. In this study, the Urmia city and its historical district is analyzed with the Space syntax method using AutoCAD, Depth map and ArcGIS. In order to study the spatial structural changes of Urmia city and its impact on the spatial structure of the historic core of the town, based on available documents and maps, four main periods of physical evolution of the city, i. e., the years of 1933, 1976, 1994, 2016, have been considered for analysis of its structure through the space syntax theory. After the parameters and analytical maps of the space syntax were analyzed by the comparison of the periods, validity changes have been assessed. These are considered as the most important concepts in this method to study four factors of coherence and coordination of the structure of the historical district, assessment of value and importance of historical orders and its main elements and the manner of distributing activities in the range. Results and discussion The results of this research have revealed that the lowest deviation and the highest amount of affiliation and thus urban coherence is related to 1933 following physical changes of the city with reduction of structural integrity. The values of urban affiliation in historical range during the four periods indicate that the average historical context of the city is less than that of the city affiliation. This implies that the internal structure of this area has not been related to these axes. The changes in the values of the inter-connection of the main historical orders have been studied for structural analysis of the main axes. The spatial physical value of the axis is degraded to inferior position, because both the average value of the interconnection of each axes and also the average difference between the axes are declined compared with previous periods. In the subsequent analysis, public spaces containing historical market and the main fields of the historical core (The Velayat-faqih and Ayalat square) and the central mosque of the city have been considered as the main religious element in the texture. Integration of factors shows that until 2016, the extent of the interconnection of the main historical spaces has been reduced as one of the major city activity centers. The next criterion examines the overlaps of the most integration axes with the active and attractive users of the cities and their relationship. Conclusion According to the results of this research, it was revealed that the performance and historical coherence and its relation to the structure of the city have been reduced under the influence of physical changes over the time. The internal structure of this range could not be mingled with the overall structure of city. A large part of identity values and physical texture affected by these changes have been lost. The spatial continuity of main elements and the functional significance of historical orders have been weakened under the influence of the changes. This indicates that the rapid physical changes in the recent years had negative effects on the spatial structure of historical range of Urmia city.

In linguistics, there are four approaches to the study of language: comparative, historical, contrastive and descriptive. In traditional grammar, the dominant approach was prescriptive, but in modem linguistics, the dominant approach is descriptive. In this article, the writer introduces two important schools of Arabic syntax, Basra school, which takes a prescriptive approach, and Kufa school, which takes a descriptive approach.

In this paper the syntactic properties of negation in English and Persian are compared and contrasted. It continues the debates concerning the availability of Universal Grammar (UG) to L1 and L2 acquirers. We argue that a VG-based analysis for the stages of NEG-placement is not only possible but in fact provides independent support for VG-based analyses. Evidence is provided that Persian negation is just checked in NegP and there is no need for finite and non-finite verbs to move to IP. To provide the evidence, the progressive construction 'dashtæn' "to have" with and without negation marker is studied. In English however finite verbs need to move to IP to get negated.

Speech is the power or faculty that discriminates man from animals. To use this faculty correctly, man needs to establish rules. Arabs have been fond of speech power more than any other nation and have paid great tribute to the kings of rhetoric. For this reason, Arab kings sent their children to deserts so that, among the tribes, their language may remain pure and powerful. The Quar"an is the eternal evidence of Arabs^1 rhetoric and eloquence. Arabs seek the mystery of the eternity of their language in this book and for this reason they rightly show prejudice in keeping this holy book free from possible grammatical and syntactic errors. This article deals with the question of syntax in the Qur"an.