Background & Objective: In this research work, land suitability as one of the first step in sustainable agriculture was done to find urgency of utilization type change in Horand region. Also, different aspects of qualitative and quantitative land suitability methods were discussed to determine and improve the involved criteria in sustainable agriculture evaluation. Materials & Methods: Qualitative and quantitative land suitability of common utilization types in study area such as rainfed and irrigated wheat and onion carried out by providing climate, landscape and soil information. Chi-square test, Pearson correlation and Regression relationship were performed to test accuracy and validity of evaluation methods. The suitability zoning of study area was completed for different land utilization types and behind interpretation output maps, the management level was analyzed. Results: Dominant climate and slope limitation with other studied factors which had role in decrease of suitability in some case, caused to suitability classes of N for rainfed wheat, S1to N for irrigated wheat and N for onion. Statistical studies confirm the accuracy of the evaluation methods. Determined middle and low levels of managements are keeping with field conditions. Conclusion: Unsuitability and in some cases low suitability of the region, indicates the urgency of change in common utilization type. There isn’ t so important difference between qualitative and quantitative suitability evaluation methods in high limitation with unsuitable class. Environmental and management factors which have indirect effects on limitations should be considered behind yield value in land management index determining.

After almost one year of intense global struggle with SARS-CoV-2 since its first report in Dec. 2019, 1 the introduction of several vaccines for COVID-19 prevention has revived hopes in many people around the world. Several vaccines already approved or started to use in different countries are mostly developed based on the spike antigens of SARS-CoV-2, which not only is involved in cell receptor recognition and virulence, 2 but also is very antigenic. 3 The FDA or/and EMA approved vaccines include BNT162b2 (Pfizer and BioNTech), mRNA-1273 (Moderna, USA), AZD1222 (Oxford-AstraZeneca), Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine (Johnson & Johnson). Sputnik V (Gamaleya, Russia), BBIBP-CorV (Sinopharm, China), and CoronaVac (Sinovac, China) are accepted for use in some countries as well. Several others are also in Phase III clinical trials, which might be added to this list soon, such as NVX-CoV2373 (Novavax, USA), Ad5-nCoV (CanSinoBIO, China), and some others. The different approaches and platforms used in these vaccines have led to their varied performances, storage conditions, and prices. Though, the efficacy of these vaccines, despite some variations, are mostly far above the previous expectations; and the benefit of COVID-19 vaccination has been already reported in some countries based on the need for mechanical ventilation, as a sign of severe disease...

Background: COVID-19 has been the most priority of the world since the early 2020s. We aimed to investigate the importance, urgency and value of serological tests for monitoring and evaluation of COVID-19. Study design: Rapid review. Methods: This study was conducted through a review of seroepidemiological studies to evaluate their strength and weakness in monitoring and predicting the epidemic situation of COVID-19. Results: Conducting serological studies is an important measure to determine the status of the COVID-19 in affected countries. These studies may also be used to estimate cumulative incidence of the disease, and to get an impression about the level of the epidemic. Conclusion: If an accurate serological test is available it can be used for seroepidemiological studies and epidemic investigation in special context, but given the current situation, it may not be possible to be used for screening the normal population and in care and treatment. This research highlighted the importance and urgency of conducting serological studies for monitoring the COVID-19 situation and evaluation of the interventions.