INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COASTS, PORTS AND MARINE STRUCTURES (ICOPMAS) PORTS & MARITIME ORGANIZATION | Year:2006 | دوره:7 |Papers Count:73

NOWADAYS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND INCREASED DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS HAVE BECOME TWO MAJOR AND THE MOST EFFECTIVE FACTORS TO SHAPE THE FUTURE OF A COUNTRY. ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE IS INCREASINGLY DEPENDING ON HOW STRUCTURES, PRODUCTIVITIES AND CAPABILITIES OF TRANSPORTATION INDUSTRY. IN TRANSPORTATION NETWORK, MARINE TRANSPORTATION HAS A MORE VITAL ROLE. DEVELOPMENT OF THIS MODE OF TRANSPORTATION CAN INCUR LESS COST THAN LAND AND AIR TRANSPORTATIONS. DUE TO THEIR STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE, PORTS ARE VERY IMPORTANT AND INVESTMENT IN THEM IS VITAL. SUCH INVESTMENTS REQUIRE A HOLISTIC STUDY TO GAIN AN INSIGHT INTO THE PROSPECT OF THE INVESTING. THIS ARTICLE SEEKS TO STUDY A VARIETY OF INVESTMENTS THAT CAN BE MADE IN LARGE AND SMALL PORTS.

GIVEN THE SOIL PROPERTIES IN BANDAR-ABBAS COASTS WHICH IS CHARACTERIZED BY CERTAIN DISADVANTAGES SUCH AS LOW PILE BEARING CAPACITY AND HIGH VELOCITY WHICH IS NOT IDEAL FOR FOUNDATION CONSTRUCTION, AND BECAUSE OFFSHORE STRUCTURES ARE HIGHLY NEEDED FOR SUCH AREAS TO OPERATE, IT IS INEVITABLE TO USE PILES IN SUCH AREAS. A FORCE THAT IS OFTEN APPLIED TO PILES IN THESE AREAS IS LATERAL FORCE. CONSIDERING THE EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PARAMETERS THAT INFLUENCE SOIL - INCLUDING INTERNAL FRICTION ANGLE, SPECIAL WEIGHT, ADHESIVENESS AND VELOCITY OF SOIL LAYERS - ARE VITAL IN RESPECT OF PILES THAT ARE BEING APPLIED LATERAL FORCES. THIS RESEARCH FOUND THAT VELOCITY IS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR WHICH PLAYS A DECISIVE ROLE IN DETERMINING HOW MUCH THE PILES ARE BEARING CAPACITY. IT FURTHER REVEALED THAT MORE VELOCITY IN HIGHER LEVELS (CLOSER TO LAND SURFACE) HAS STRONGER IMPACT ON REDUCING THE PILES BEARING CAPACITY.

FATIGUE, IS DEFINED AS STRUCTURAL FAILURE UNDER ALTERNATIVE LOAD CYCLES IN A LONG PERIOD OF TIME. THIS EXPERIENCE IS IMPORTANT WHEN CYCLIC LOADS EXERT TO THE STRUCTURES. IN THIS STUDY A MODEL WAS DEVELOPED TO ESTIMATE FATIGUE LIFE UNDER IRREGULAR WAVES FOR FIXED OFFSHORE JACKETS USING S-N CURVES AND PALMERGEN-MINER METHOD. IN THIS STUDY VALID CODES AND MOST AUTHENTIC INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS, SUCH AS ABS AND API CODES OF PRACTICES WERE EMPLOYED. THE INPUTS TO THE MODEL ARE WIND VELOCITY, WAVE SPECTRAL DENSITY AND STRUCTURAL DETAILS INCLUDING S-N CURVES, TYPE OF CONNECTIONS AND WELDING SITUATION IN DIFFERENT JOINTS. THE MODEL CAN ESTIMATE THE FATIGUE LIFE OF THE STRUCTURE BASED ON THE WORST ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION. A CASE STUDY CARRIED OUT FOR A TYPICAL JACKET IN PERSIAN GULF. A DYNAMIC ANALYSIS USING SAP2000 WAS UNDERTAKEN WITH AN EXCITING FORCE EXTRACTED FROM A PROPOSED SPECTRUM FOR SEA STATE OF THE STUDY AREA. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT THE SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF FATIGUE LIFE IS MORE ACCURATE THAN TIME DOMAIN ANALYSIS USING ZERO- UP CROSSING TECHNIQUE. THE RESULT OF THE MODEL ALSO SHOWS PROMISE FOR OPTIMUM DESIGN OF STEEL OFFSHORE JACKET TYPE PLATFORMS CHOOSING PROPER TYPE OF CONNECTIONS AND HIGH QUALITY WELDING IN JOINTS.

IN RECENT DECADE, CONSIDERABLE EFFORTS, ENDEAVORS AND RESEARCHES HAVE BEEN MADE SUBJECT TO REVIEW OF DOMINANT CRITERIA AND CODE ON STRUCTURES SEISMIC DESIGN THAT ALL OF WHICH FOCUS MAINLY ON STRUCTURE BEHAVIOR AND OPERATION IN EARTHQUAKE. THESE EFFORTS CAUSES FOR PRESENTING NEW PHILOSOPHY IN DESIGN KNOWN AS “PERFORMANCE-BASED DESIGN". SEISMIC DESIGN GUIDELINE FOR PORT STRUCTURE (PIANC) IS THE FIRST INSTRUCTION PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN ON OPERATION. ONE OF THE MAIN DISCUSSIONS IN THIS DESIGN METHOD IS PRESENTING DESIGN CRITERIA IN DIFFERENT PERFORMANCE LEVEL FOR EVALUATION OF STRUCTURES. QUALITY AND QUANTITY CRITERIA SUCH AS DEFORMATION, STRESS AND DUCTILITY ARE INCLUDING CRITERIA THAT NAMED IN THIS BOOK. IN TECHNOLOGICAL LITERATURE, OTHER CRITERIA INCLUDING RELATIVE DEFORMATION, PERMANENT RELATIVE DEFORMATION, DAMAGES AND ENERGY INDEX ALSO ARE INCLUDING IN THIS PART.IN THIS ARTICLE, WE WANT TO ANALYSIS AND DESIGN NUMBER OF COMMON PILE AND DECK STRUCTURE WITH USE OF SEISMIC DESIGN GUIDELINE FOR PORT STRUCTURE (PLANC). IN THIS REGARD, STRUCTURE SEISMIC BEHAVIOR AND EXTENT OF INCURRED DAMAGES WERE TAKEN INTO CONSIDERATION AND NAMED CRITERIA INCLUDING ENERGY INDEX, DAMAGE INDEX, LENGTH OF PLASTIC HINGE, PERMANENT DEFORMATION AND DUCTILITY IN DIFFERENT STAGES WERE ANALYSIS AND DESIGNED. RESULTS SHOWED THAT THERE IS OPPORTUNITY FOR COMPILATION OF PERFORMANCE CRITERIA FOR DESIGN OF PILE AND DECK STRUCTURES.

THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN WAVES AND CURRENTS WERE EVALUATED AND THEIR POTENTIAL INFLUENCE ON SEDIMENT TRANSPORT ASSESSED. TO CONSIDER WAVE-CURRENT INTERACTIONS, WAVE AND CURRENT FIELDS WERE INDIVIDUALLY EXAMINE AND THEN COMBINED. FLOW FIELDS WERE EXPLORED USING AN AVAILABLE HYDRODYNAMIC MODEL, THE ENVIRONMENTAL FLUID DYNAMICS CODE (HAMRICK, 1996; JIN ET AL. 2000). THREE FLOW FIELDS WERE CONSIDERED: A STRONG CURRENT (A RIVER), A MODERATE CURRENT (A BAY OR HARBOR), AND A WEAK CURRENT (SMALL LAKE WITH WIND-DRIVEN CIRCULATION). WAVE FIELDS WERE EXPLORED USING SMALL AMPLITUDE (LINEAR) WAVE THEORY. THE COMBINED EFFECT OF WAVE-CURRENT INTERACTIONS WAS EXPLORED USING THE APPROACH OF GRANT AND MADSEN (1979). THESE ANALYSES INDICATE THAT, IN THE PRESENCE OF CURRENTS, WAVES DRAMATICALLY ENHANCE SEDIMENT TRANSPORT. EVEN WHEN A CURRENT IS WEAK, THE COMBINED EFFECT OF WAVES AND CURRENTS CAN RESUSPEND AND TRANSPORT SEDIMENTS. FOR THE CONDITIONS EXPLORED, BOTTOM SHEAR STRESSES FROM WAVE-CURRENT INTERACTION WERE GREATER THAN THE SHEAR STRESSES FROM CURRENTS ALONE BY AN ORDER OF MAGNITUDE OR MORE.

IN ENGINEERING, PORT STRUCTURES ARE REGARDED AS SOIL-STRUCTURE SYSTEMS WHICH COMPRISE OF A RANGE OF STRUCTURES AND FOUNDATIONS. IN FACT, THEY ARE COMBINATIONAL STRUCTURES WHICH CANNOT BE CONSIDERED MERELY AS STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS AND THEIR FOUNDATION CANNOT BE DESCRIBED AS BEING DESIGNED ONLY FOR STABILITY. GEO-TECHNICAL CONDITIONS ARE AMONG THE MOST NOTABLE FACTORS THAT EXERT PROFOUND IMPACT ON SEISMIC BEHAVIOR OF SUCH STRUCTURES. ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT STEPS TOWARD EVALUATION OF PORT STRUCTURES SEISMIC BEHAVIOR IS TO STUDY STRUCTURAL AND GEOTECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS AND INTERACTIONS. THIS ARTICLE SEEKS TO FOCUS ON DECK AND PILE STRUCTURES BEHAVIOR WHEN THEY ARE EXPOSED TO CYCLIC LATERAL LOAD. FOR THIS PURPOSE, DECK AND PILE STRUCTURES WITH SPECIFIED GEOTECHNICAL AND STRUCTURAL FEATURES WERE PUT UNDER CYCLIC LATERAL DISPLACEMENT. ALSO, THEY WERE TESTED FOR THE EFFECTS OF AXIAL FORCE ON THEIR LATERAL BEARING. SOILSTRUCTURE INTERACTIONS ALSO WERE DETERMINED. IT IS NOTEWORTHY THAT THE MANNER OF SUCH INTERACTIONS WAS ALSO STUDIED IN THIS ARTICLE.

SOME PARTS OF RIVER MOUTH WHICH IS EXPOSED TO TIDAL CURRENTS LOSE ITS QUALITY AND ITS CAPABILITY FOR AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES. CONSTRUCTION OF TIDAL DAMS IN SUCH SPOTS CAN CUT THE SALT WATER CONTACT WITH DELTA LANDS. TIMELY OPENING AND CLOSING THE VALVES CAN HELP RECOVER SUCH LANDS. TO THIS END, IT IS ESSENTIAL TO HAVE AN INSIGHT INTO TIDAL CURRENTS PATTERN BOTH BEFORE AND AFTER CONSTRUCTION OF DAM. THIS ARTICLE MAKES USE OF A MATHEMATICAL MODEL, MIKE 21, TO DETERMINE TIDAL CURRENTS PATTERN FOR PERSIAN GULF. FOR THIS PURPOSE, HYDROGRAPHICAL DATA MUST BE USED. RESULTS ARE THEN USED TO CONSIDER THE CASE OF ZOHREH RIVER. FOR ENSURING ACCURACY, RESULTS ARE COMPARED TO FIELD DATA. THIS ARTICLE FINDS THAT THERE IS A MEANINGFUL CORRELATION BETWEEN FIELD DATA AND OUR MODEL OUTCOMES. IT IS FURTHER FOUND THAT CONSTRUCTION OF A DIKE COULD REDUCE CURRENTS SPEED FOR 5 THROUGH 8 PERCENT.

THE TRADITIONAL WIDTH OF DESIGNED CORE LAYERS OF BREAKWATERS IN IRAN IS OFTEN MORE THAN THE SIMILAR KINDS OUTSIDE THE COUNTRY. THEREFORE, THIS STUDY FOCUSED IN THE MINIMUM WITH OF CORE IN THE BREAKWATERS. THIS WIDTH HAS REACHED TO 11M AND EVEN MORE IN SOME PROJECTS. PERVIOUS STUDIES SHOWED THAT IRANIAN BREAKWATERS ARE GENERALLY CONSTRUCTED BY LAND BASE METHODS. THE DOMINANT FACTORS ON THE WIDTH OF CORE ARE NOT HYDRAULIC OR GEO-TECHNICAL VARIABLES, BUT PROVIDING THE POSSIBILITY OF ASSURED ACTIVITY OF MACHINERY ON THE BREAKWATER IS THE IMPORTANT FACTOR. ALSO, THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT THE WIDTH CAN BE LESS THAN THE CURRENT RATE IN MOST OF IRANIAN BREAKWATERS. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT THE WIDTH COULD BE REDUCED USING SUITABLE CONSTRICTION METHODS SUCH AS IMPLEMENTATION OF A CORE LAYER IN TWO LEVELS, USE OF HORIZONTAL SURFACE OF THE FILTER LAYER, IMPLEMENTATION OF AN STEEP SLOPE OF CORE IN THE FIRST STAGE, USE OF TEMPORARY PROTECTION AND DELAYING THE USE OF HEAVY CRANE FOR DEPLOYMENT OF STONE TO THE END OF THE WORK. THE ABOVE-MENTIONED METHODS CAN BE A SUITABLE FOR REDUCING THE WIDTH OF BREAKWATERS AND THEIR EXPENSES.

IN THIS PAPER THE TSUNAMI HAZARD ASSOCIATED WITH MAKRAN SUBDUCTION ZONE ALONG THE SOUTHERN COASTS OF IRAN IS INVESTIGATED. SEVERAL HARBORS AND PORTS LIE IN SOUTHERN COASTS OF IRAN IN THE VICINITY OF INDIAN OCEAN. DISRUPTION OF OPERATIONS AT THESE PORTS DUE TO TSUNAMI WAVES COULD IMPACT THE NATIONAL AND ALSO REGIONAL ECONOMIES. THEREFORE, IT IS NECESSARY TO INVESTIGATE THE HAZARD OF TSUNAMI AND ITS POSSIBLE IMPACTS ON COASTAL STRUCTURES. THE MAKRAN SUBDUCTION ZONE IS AMONG TWO MAIN TSUNAMIGENIC ONES IN THE INDIAN OCEAN. IN THIS ZONE THE OMAN OCEANIC PLATE SUBDUCTS BENEATH THE IRANIAN MICROPLATE AT AN ESTIMATED RATE OF ABOUT 19 MM/YR. HISTORICALLY, THERE IS THE POTENTIAL FOR TSUNAMI GENERATION IN THIS REGION AND SEVERAL TSUNAMIS ATTACKED THE MAKRAN COASTLINES IN THE PAST. THE MOST RECENT TSUNAMI IN THIS REGION HAS OCCURRED ON 28 NOVEMBER 1945 WHICH TOOK THE LIVES OF MORE THAN 4000 PEOPLE IN THE COASTS OF IRAN, PAKISTAN, INDIA, AND OMAN. HERE WE EXAMINE THE SEAFLOOR UPLIFT OF THE MAKRAN ZONE AND ITS POTENTIAL FOR GENERATING DESTRUCTIVE TSUNAMIS IN THE SOUTHERN COASTLINES OF IRAN. SEVERAL EARTHQUAKE SCENARIOS WITH MOMENT MAGNITUDES RANGING BETWEEN 6.0 AND 8.5 ARE USED AS INITIAL CONDITIONS FOR ANALYSIS. THE EPICENTER OF THE 1945 EVENT IS USED AS THE EPICENTER FOR DIFFERENT TSUNAMI SCENARIOS IN THIS STUDY. FOR EACH SCENARIO THE PROPAGATION OF TSUNAMI WAVES ON COASTLINES IS CALCULATED, WHICH IS THE KEY PARAMETER FOR TSUNAMI HAZARD ASSESSMENT AND HARBOR PROTECTION.

THIS PAPER FOCUSES ON THE EFFECT OF PILE SHAPE IN THE PENETRATION OF PILE AND MAGNITUDE OF STRESS IN PILE BODY. FOR THIS PURPOSE, CONCRETE TAPERED PILES OF THE SAME VOLUME AND LENGTH IS CONSIDERED. ALL PILES HAVE CONIC SHAPE WITH DIFFERENT SLOPES ALONG THE SHAFT. IN ALL ANALYSES, THE HAMMER IMPACT IS MODELED USING A SINGLE FUNCTION WHICH OBTAINS FROM CURRENT LITERATURES. THE SUBSOIL IS ASSUMED AS NORMALLY CONSOLIDATED CLAY. THE SOIL IS ASSUMED TO BE SATURATED AND UNDRAINED. LINEAR ELASTIC BEHAVIOR IS ASSUMED FOR THE PILE WHEREAS THE MOHR-COLOUMB FAILURE CRITERION IS CONSIDERED FOR CLAY. INTERFACE ELEMENTS ARE USED TO ALLOW THE SLIP BETWEEN THE PILE AND THE SOIL. TO ENSURE THE CORRECTNESS OF THE CONSTRUCTED NUMERICAL PILE DRIVING MODELS, THE RESULTS OBTAINED FROM THIS PROPOSED MODEL IS COMPARED WITH NUMERICAL DATA OBTAINED FROM AN AVAILABLE SOPHISTICATED ANALYSIS. PARAMETRIC STUDIES HAVE BEEN CARRIED OUT TO DETERMINE THE INFLUENCE OF CONTRIBUTING FACTORS SUCH AS TAPERED ANGLE AND SOIL STRATIFICATION ON PILE DRIVING PHENOMENON. THE EFFECT OF TAPER ANGLE ON PERMANENT PILE PENETRATION AND DRIVING STRESSES WILL BE PRESENTED.

INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT (IWRM) PARADIGM WAS INTRODUCED SOME 36 YEARS AGO AFTER THE CREATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL WATER MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (IWRA), BRAGA 2001. IWRM COMPRISES OF 4 MAIN AREAS: LAND USE, RIVER BASIN, URBAN AND COASTAL ZONES.IN A RECENT PARADIGM SHIFT RELATED TO INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT (IWRM) IN THE CONTEXT OF HOLISTIC AND INTEGRATED APPROACH, ATTENTION IS BEING DRAWN TO CONSIDER INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION WITHIN THE GENERAL FRAMEWORK. A REPORT BY THE 4TH WORLD WATER FORUM, (WWF, 2006), ENTITLED: IMPLEMENTING INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT: THE INCLUSION OF IWRM IN NATIONAL PLANS, REVIEWS THE PROGRESS LEVEL MADE BY COUNTRIES IN SOME 6 REGIONAL CATEGORIES. ACCORDING TO 2 DIFFERENT STATISTICAL SURVEYS BY JAPAN WATER FORUM (JWF) AND GWP UP TO 28% HAVE MADE GOOD PROGRESS BUT SOME 28% ARE IN THEIR INITIAL STAGES OF INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT. IRAN IS WORKING TOWARDS ACHIEVING THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDGS) WHICH WAS SET IN 1992 IN JOHANNESBURG. THE STRATEGIC LONG TERM PLAN WAS RATIFIED BY THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS IN 2004, A YEAR AHEAD OF THE 2005 DEADLINE (IWRMC, 2004).SO THE QUESTION IS HOW TO IMPLEMENT THE INTEGRATED CONCEPT. THEREFORE, SOME KEY RECOMMENDATIONS WERE MADE BY WWF FOR FUTURE WORK ON IWRM. THESE ARE CENTERED ON 5 THEMES: INSTITUTIONAL & LEGAL FRAMEWORK, STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION, SOCIOECONOMIC, CAPACITY BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY.THE NEGLECT OF THE INSTITUTIONAL DIMENSION IN WATER MANAGEMENT HAS CREATED A HUGE DRAWBACK IN IMPLEMENTING IWRM. SALETH & DINAR (2004) ARGUE THAT AS WATER SCARCITY IS EXPERIENCED IN MANY PARTS OF THE WORLD [INCLUDING IRAN]; WATER SECTOR INSTITUTIONS NEED TO BE REORIENTED TO CATER FOR THE NEEDS OF CHANGING SUPPLY-DEMAND AND QUANTITY-QUALITY RELATIONSHIPS IN THE EMERGING REALITIES.THIS PAPER REVIEWS THE IMPORTANCE OF INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS AND IN PARTICULAR THE ROLE OF STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION IN THE MANAGEMENT OF WATER RESOURCES WITH REFERENCE TO COASTAL ZONES MANAGEMENT IN GENERAL AND IRAN IN PARTICULAR.

WAVE CONDITIONS INSIDE AND OUTSIDE OF A NEW PORT AND DRY DOCK COMPLEX ON THE ARABIAN SEA COAST OF OMAN HAVE BEEN ASSESSED USING THE 2-DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL MODEL MIKE21 EMS. THE MODEL WAS USED TO OPTIMISE THE ENTRANCE CHANNEL LAYOUT WITH RESPECT TO WAVE PENETRATION INTO THE PORT AND REFINE DESIGN CONDITIONS FOR THE SIZING THE PRIMARY ARMOUR ON THE BREAKWATERS. INITIALLY FREQUENTLY OCCURRING (OPERATIONAL) CONDITIONS WERE STUDIED TO INVESTIGATE CONDITIONS WITHIN THE PORT. THE STUDY WAS THEN EXTENDED TO INCLUDE MORE EXTREME EVENTS TO ASSESS WAVE CONDITIONS WITHIN THE PORT AND ALONG THE BREAKWATERS. A RANGE OF OFFSHORE WAVE DIRECTIONS WAS CONSIDERED IN THE STUDY TO ASSESS THE INFLUENCE OF THE DREDGED APPROACH CHANNEL ON WAVE CONDITIONS WITHIN THE PORT. TESTS WERE ALSO UNDERTAKEN TO DETERMINE THE SENSITIVITY OF THE SELECTED PORT LAYOUT AND APPROACH CHANNEL TO WAVE DIRECTION.

CONCRETE STRUCTURES THAT ARE LOCATED AT HOT AND HUMID COASTS ARE EXPOSED TO DESTRUCTIVE FACTORS SUCH AS HIGH TEMPERATURE, HIGH HUMIDITY, EXTREME SALT, BIOLOGICAL INVASIVE FACTORS AND TIDAL FRICTIONS. THE BEST SOLUTION IS TO RECOVER SUCH STRUCTURES USING FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER PLATES. DUE TO HIGH WEIGHT BEARING, THIS METHOD HAS A REMARKABLE DURABILITY AGAINST CORROSION. ALSO, IT IS IDEAL BECAUSE IT CAN CONVENIENTLY BE INSTALLED WITHOUT WASTE OF EXTRA TIME. THIS ARTICLE INTENDS TO STUDY SUPPORTIVE BEHAVIOR OF CONCRETE DECK AND PILE BERTHS BEFORE AND AFTER CORROSION IN ARMATURES AND WEARINESS IN CONCRETE COATING. ANSYS SOFTWARE HAS BEEN USED TO MAKE SURE OF MODEL RESULTS ACCURACY. RESULTS INDICATE THAT CFRP COMPOSITES ARE HIGHLY EFFICIENT IN RECOVERY AND ALSO IN IMPROVING RESISTANCE DECLINE AND WASTE OF ENERGY DUE TO CORROSION IN ARMATURE.

GEOSYNTHETIC PRODUCTS SUCH AS GEOTEXTILES AND GEOMEMBERANES ARE USED IN CONTAINERS AND TUBES FOR DAM AND DIKE FLOOD EMERGENCY PROTECTION AND ALSO AS CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS FOR COASTAL EROSION CONTROL, GROYNES, SCOUR FILL, REEFS, BREAKWATERS AND DUNE REVETMENTS. ON THE OTHER HAND DUE TO THE INCREASING STORMINESS ASSOCIATED WITH CLIMATE CHANGES AND TSUNAMI’S WAVES PHENOMENA SOME OF THE EXISTING DUNES MUST BE PROTECTED OR REINFORCED. TRADITIONAL CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES UTILIZING ROCK, CONCRETE AND STEEL ARE BEING INCREASINGLY CHALLENGED BY ALTERNATIVES OFFERED IN GEOSYNTHETIC FORMS FOR REVETMENTS, SCOUR PROTECTION, GROYNES, BERMS, AND DUNAL STABILIZATION. NOWADAYS GEOTEXTILE SAND CONTAINERS FIND THEIR APPLICATION AS CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS FOR EROSION CONTROL, SCOUR FILL AND DUNE REVETMENTS. WRAPPING OR ENCAPSULATING SAND INTO GEOTEXTILE UNITS PROVIDES A VARIETY OF FLEXIBLE, ECONOMICAL AND ECOLOGICAL COASTAL APPLICATIONS. THE USE OF SUCH CONTAINERS FOR THIS TYPE PROJECT ALSO APPEARS TO HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO REDUCE SETTLEMENTS IN POOR SUB-GRADE CONDITIONS, HOWEVER IT IS RECOGNIZED THAT THIS IS A RELATIVELY NEW SYSTEM AND THE KNOWLEDGE BASE REQUIRED TO CARRY OUT A DESIGN WITH A HIGH DEGREE OF CONFIDENCE IS LIMITED. THIS PAPER SHOWS SOME EXPERIMENTS OF TECHNOLOGIES WHERE THE ENCAPSULATION OF SEDIMENTS IN GEOTEXTILE SAND CONTAINERS DOMINATES BUT OTHER FUNCTIONS, E.G. REINFORCEMENT AND FILTRATION CANNOT BE NEGLECTED. ADDITIONALLY RESULTS FROM GERMAN LARGE SCALE MODEL TESTS ARE PRESENTED AND SOME RECOMMENDATIONS DEALING WITH GEOTEXTILE CONTAINERS ARE DESCRIBED.

WIND WAVES, WHICH CAN TRAVEL BEYOND THE DIRECT EFFECT OF THE GENERATING FORCES, ARE REFLECTED BY BEACHES, BREAKWATERS, SHORELINE STRUCTURES AND SUBMERGED OR FLOATING OFFSHORE STRUCTURES. THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN REFLECTED AND INCIDENT WAVES CONTRIBUTE TO THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WAVE FIELD AND FLOW FIELD BENEATH THE WAVES. A LABORATORY STUDY CARRIED OUT TO CONSIDER THE REFLECTION CHARACTERISTICS FROM THE BEACH WITH A CONSTANT MILD SLOPE OF A WAVE FLUME AND A MODEL VERTICAL SEAWALL USING THE TWO DIMENSIONAL METHOD OF GODA AND SUZUKI (1976). AN EXTENSIVE SERIES OF EXPERIMENTS SET UP COVERING DIFFERENT REGULAR, IRREGULAR AND GROUPY WAVES TO FIND THE PERCENTAGE OF REFLECTED WAVES. TWO METHODS OF 1) AVERAGING THE REFLECTION COEFFICIENT COMPONENTS 2) USING THE POWER SPECTRA OF INCIDENT AND REFLECTED WAVES IN A SUITABLE RANGE OF FREQUENCY WERE EMPLOYED TO OBTAIN THE REFLECTION COEFFICIENTS. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT IN BOTH METHODS THE PROPER HANDLING OF SPURIOUS SPIKES IS VITAL TO GET REAL RESULTS FOR REFLECTION COEFFICIENT. THE RESULTS ALSO SHOWED THAT THE RATE OF REFLECTION COEFFICIENT INCREASES WITH AN INCREASE IN FUNDAMENTAL WAVE FREQUENCY. HOWEVER THE REFLECTION COEFFICIENT GET LARGER FOR GROUPY WAVES WITH LONGER DURATION.

DESIGN OF PORT AND HARBOR FACILITIES HIGHLY DEPENDS ON THE NEAR SHORE HYDRODYNAMICS. USUALLY, THE SIGNIFICANT WAVE CHARACTERISTICS ALONG WITH THE MOST SEVERE CONDITION OF THE NEAR SHORE CURRENTS BASED ON THE FIELD MEASUREMENTS IS CONSIDERED FOR THE DESIGN PURPOSE. ON THE OTHER HAND, OPTIMAL MEASUREMENT COST AND ACCURATE NUMERICAL ESTIMATION DEPENDS ON SOME KEY PARAMETERS OF CURRENT VELOCITY. THE MAIN OBJECTIVE OF PRESENT PAPER IS TO DESCRIBE AN APPROACH TO MORE ACCURATE AND EFFECTIVE PREDICTION OF CURRENT VELOCITY THROUGH KEY PARAMETERIZATION OF OBSERVED DATA BASED ON ROOT MEAN SQUARE (RMS). THE PROCEDURE HAS SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVED BY USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS DUE TO ANN'S CAPABILITY IN HIGH FUNCTIONING WITH RAPID COMPUTATION TO SOLVE THE HIGH NONLINEARITY AND MULTI-VARIABLES SYSTEMS.

DUE TO THE PLACEMENT OF SEVERAL PORTS, HARBORS, OIL FIELDS, AND ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES IN THE PERSIAN GULF, THE STUDY OF TSUNAMI HAZARD IN THIS REGION IS OF VITAL IMPORTANCE FOR AUTHORITIES. INDEED, THE PERSIAN GULF COASTLINES ARE UNDER THREAT OF TSUNAMIS WHICH ARE GENERATED IN THE INDIAN OCEAN AND TRAVEL ACROSS THE STRAIT OF HORMOZ TO STRIKE THESE SHORELINES. ONE OF THE MOST TSUNAMI GENIC SOURCES IN THE INDIAN OCEAN IS MAKRAN SUBDUCTION ZONE IN THE NORTHWEST OF INDIAN OCEAN NEAR THE COASTLINES OF IRAN, OMAN, PAKISTAN, AND INDIA. IN FACT, IT IS BELIEVED THAT A TSUNAMI GENERATED IN THE MAKRAN ZONE HAS THE POTENTIAL TO HIT THE PERSIAN GULF SHORELINES. THEREFORE, IN THIS PAPER THE EFFECT OF TSUNAMI GENERATED IN THE MAKRAN ZONE ON THE COASTLINES OF PERSIAN GULF IS DISCUSSED. CONSIDERING DIFFERENT SCENARIOS FOR LARGE EARTHQUAKE OCCURRENCE IN THE MAKRAN ZONE, THE PROPAGATION OF POSSIBLE TSUNAMI INTO THE PERSIAN GULF WAS MODELED. IN THIS REGARD, THE NONLINEAR SHALLOW-WATER THEORY WAS USED TO MODEL THE TSUNAMI PROPAGATION ON THE COASTLINES. THE SHALLOW WATER EQUATIONS ARE SOLVED NUMERICALLY BY MEANS OF A FINITE DIFFERENCE METHOD. ALSO, FOR SELECTED SITES IN THE PERSIAN GULF THE TIME HISTORIES OF THE TSUNAMI WAVES ARE PRESENTED.

TIDAL CHANNELS OR ESTUARIES ARE FORMED AS A RESULT OF PROJECTION OF SEA WATER ALONG RIVERS THAT DRIFT INTO SEA. ESTUARIES ARE CREATED IN COASTS THAT BASIN HYDRODYNAMIC CONDITIONS (STRONG TIDES, HIGH-SLOPED COASTS AND SEASONAL RIVERS) DOES NOT ALLOW DELTA FORMATION. PAZM GULF HAS BEEN LOCATED IN WEST OF CHABAHAR BAY (SISTAN AND BALOUCHESTAN PROVINCE). IT CONSISTS OF TWO LARGE RIVERS: GITOU AND PAZM. PAZM GULF HAS BEEN FORMED AT THE OPENING OF THESE TWO RIVERS. THIS ARTICLE STUDIES CHANGES THAT HAVE ALREADY TAKEN PLACE IN COASTLINE OF THIS GULF BASED ON TM LAND SET SATELLITE (1988, 1998, 1999 & 2005). IN ADDITION TO STUDY OF RECORDS, CERTAIN FIELD OPERATIONS INCLUDING SAMPLING WERE CONDUCTED. A TOTAL NUMBER OF 72 SAMPLES WERE TAKEN FROM THE BED SEDIMENTS AND 5 SAMPLES WERE TAKEN FROM COASTLINES. OUTCOME WAS INTEGRATED INTO SATELLITE DATA. GIVEN THE IMPORTANCE OF ESTUARIES AND THEIR INTENSE CHANGES IN SHORT-TIME AS WELL AS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CHABAHAR BAY COASTLINES, IT SEEMS NECESSARY TO STUDY THE ISSUE.

THE CASPIAN SEA IS A UNIQUE, EVIDENTLY ENCLOSED WATER BODY SHARED BETWEEN IRAN AND SOME NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES EXPERIENCING SERIOUS ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS. THE CASPIAN SEA RECEIVES RIVER DISCHARGES WHICH MOSTLY CONTAIN INDUSTRIAL AND MINING WASTES. THE SEDIMENTS PROVIDE A VALUABLE RECORD OF ENVIRONMENTAL RETROSPECTIVE CHANGES. THE HEAVY METAL POLLUTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT OF THE CASPIAN SEA AROUND ANZALI AREA IS GRADUALLY INCREASING DUE TO URBANIZATION AND INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES IN THE REGION. THEREFORE IT IS FOUND TO BE INTERESTING TO INVESTIGATE THE POLLUTION LEVEL OF THE CASPIAN SEA AROUND ANZALI AREA USING SEDIMENT SAMPLES. IN THIS STUDY SURFICIAL SEDIMENT SAMPLES, WERE ANALYZED QUANTITATIVELY BY NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS (NAA) AND ACTIVATION AUTORADIOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES.

INCLINED PILE IS A STRUCTURAL ELEMENT WHICH IS WIDELY USED IN VARIETY OF STRUCTURES TO CONFRONT THE LATERAL FORCES IN MARINE ENVIRONMENT. ALTHOUGH STUDY OF WAVE FORCES ON PILES DATES BACK TO FEW DECADES AGO, HOWEVER MANY OF THESE STUDIES MAINLY FOCUSED ON WAVE INTERACTION WITH VERTICAL PILES. THESE RESULTS THEN ROUGHLY EXTEND FOR INCLINED PILES. THIS STUDY FOCUS ON NUMERICAL ESTIMATION OF THE HYDRODYNAMIC WAVE FORCES ON A SURFACE- PIERCING INCLINED MARINE PILE TO DETERMINE THE HYDRODYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS. A SET OF TESTS PERFORMED ON CYLINDERS WITH DIFFERENT INCLINED ANGLES IN A NUMERICAL WAVE TANK WITH A PISTON-TYPE WAVE MAKER USING FLOW 3D. HISTORY OF APPLIED FORCES RESULTING FROM THE MODEL RUN AND ALSO MORISON EQUATION ARE USED TO EXTRACT HYDRODYNAMIC DRAG AND INERTIA COEFFICIENTS. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT THESE COEFFICIENTS ARE VERY SENSITIVE TO WAVE CHARACTERISTICS AND PILE INCLINED ANGLES SO THAT THE TABLES IN CLASSICAL OFFSHORE TEXTS MOSTLY OVERESTIMATE OR UNDERESTIMATE THESE IMPORTANT FACTORS.

THE AIM OF THIS WORK IS TO ESTABLISH THE OPTIMUM CONDITIONS FOR THE REMOVAL OF SOME RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS FROM THEIR WASTE SOLUTIONS IN THE SOUTH WEST OF THE CASPIAN SEA. IN THIS RESPECT AN EXPLORATORY INVESTIGATION IS CARRIED OUT USING THE CLAY MINERALS (KAOLINITE AND VERMICULITE) TO TEST THE FEASIBILITY OF ITS USING FOR DECONTAMINATION PURPOSES AND VOLUME REDUCTION. THE DIFFERENT PARAMETERS AFFECTING THE SORPTION CAPACITY OF THE RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS OF CS-134, CO-60 AND EU-(152+154) BY THE INVESTIGATED CLAY MINERALS HAVE BEEN STUDIED. THE UPTAKE OF THE METAL ION WAS DETERMINED FOR CLAY MINERAL-CATION SOLUTION SYSTEM AS A FUNCTION OF CONTACT TIME, PH, METAL ION CONCENTRATION AND PRESENCE OF SOME COMPETING CATIONS. SORPTION DATA HAVE BEEN INTERPRETED IN TERMS OF FREUNDLICH EQUATION. THE PRESENCE OF SOME ORGANIC COMPLEXING AGENTS ALSO AFFECT THE SORPTION PROCESS. THE DESORPTION OF THE INVESTIGATED METAL IONS WAS ALSO STUDIED USING DIFFERENT DESORPTION SOLUTIONS. THE OBTAINED DATA SHOW THAT THE CLAY MINERAL VERMICULITE CAN BE CONSIDERED AS AN EFFICIENT SORBENT FOR METAL CATIONS FROM THEIR AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS SINCE THE UPTAKE EFFICIENCY IS MORE THAN FOR THE THREE ELEMENTS STUDIED.

PILE SUPPORTED WHARF STRUCTURES ARE INCLUDE A CONCRETE SLAB WHICH SUPPORTED ON SUBSTRUCTURE FROM SOME ELEMENTS INCLUDING PILE AND EMBANKMENT, SOIL MAINTENANCE STRUCTURE AND OTHER ELEMENTS. FOR COMPARISON PERFORMANCE OF PILE AND DECK UNDER MONOTONIC AND CYCLIC LATERAL LOADING; PILE AND DECK STRUCTURE WITH DETERMINED GEOTECHNICAL AND STRUCTURAL SPECIFICATIONS BEING UNDER INCREASE LATERAL MONOTONIC AND CYCLIC LOAD. IN MODELING OF STRUCTURES, SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERACTION WAS MODELED WITH P-Y CURVE (MATLOCK. 1970) AND THESE STRUCTURES WERE TAKEN UNDER DIFFERENT SURCHARGE. STRUCTURES UNDER CYCLIC LOAD DUE TO SMALL LATERAL DISPLACEMENT RECEIVE TO CRITICAL STATE IN COMPARISON WITH STRUCTURE UNDER MONOTONIC LOADING. IN ADDITION, THOSE STRUCTURES WITH LARGER SURCHARGE MAY TOLERATE GREATER LATERAL DEFORMING UNDER SAME FORCE.

ACCURATE PREDICTION OF WAVE SPECIFICATIONS IS ESSENTIAL FOR DESIGN OF NEARSHORE AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES AND COASTAL ENGINEERING PROJECTS. THIS PAPER PRESENTS THE NUMERICAL STUDY OF WAVE HINDCASTING AND PROPAGATION AT TOMBAK AREA IN CENTRAL PART OF NORTHERN PERSIAN GULF COASTLINE IN BUSHEHR PROVINCE. IN THIS REGARD, FIRSTLY THE OFFSHORE WAVES ARE HINDCASTED USING THE WIND CLIMATE OF THE AREA. THEN, THE WAVE PROPAGATION FROM OFFSHORE TO NEAR SHORE IS NUMERICALLY MODELED BY USING MIKE-NSW SOFTWARE. THE RESULTS ARE COMPARED WITH THE AVAILABLE DATA IN THE AREA IN ORDER TO VALIDATE THE RESULTS. THE RESULTS OF THE WAVE MODEL AFTER VALIDATION ARE PRESENTED IN TERMS OF HORIZONTAL DISTRIBUTION, STATISTICAL PARAMETERS AND WAVE TRANSFORMATION COEFFICIENTS FROM OFFSHORE TO NEAR SHORE.

SHALLOW-WATER SHIP-WAVES, KNOWN AS WASH WAVES, ARE IMPORTANT IN MARINE ENGINEERING. THESE WAVES CAN AFFECT COASTAL STRUCTURES AND CHANGE NEAR-SHORE MORPHOLOGY. THEY CAN ALSO CAUSE DAMAGE TO SHIP ITSELF IN FINITE DEPTH CHANNELS. THERE ARE DIFFERENT THEORETICAL METHODS TO CONSIDER THESE WAVES. IN THIS PAPER SHALLOW-WATER SHIP-WAVES ARE SIMULATED NUMERICALLY. APPLYING MICHELL’S THIN-SHIP THEORY, FLOW FIELD FAR FROM THE SHIP IS INVESTIGATED. THE RELEVANT SHIP IS CONSIDERED THIN AND CHOSEN FROM SERIES 60. THE NUMERICAL SIMULATION IS PERFORMED IN SUBCRITICAL, CRITICAL AND SUPERCRITICAL REGIMES FOR DIFFERENT DEPTH FROUDE NUMBERS, CONSTANT SHIP SPEEDS AND WATER DEPTHS. IN THIS STUDY THE FLOW IS CONSIDERED INCOMPRESSIBLE AND IRROTATIONAL. HOWEVER FOR THE ACCURACY OF SIMULATION THE EFFECT OF EDDY VISCOSITY IS THEN CONSIDERED. FURTHERMORE THE EFFECTS OF THE BOUNDARY LAYER ARE CONSIDERED. THE NUMERICAL RESULTS WERE COMPARED WITH OTHER MODELS AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS. IT SHOWED THAT MICHELL’S THIN-SHIP THEORY COULD SIMULATE THIS KIND OF WAVES WITH GRATE ACCURACY AND RELIABILITY.

IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM, SIGNIFICANT CHANGES CAN BE SEEN IN THE FORM OF NOVEL HULL FORMS SUITABLE FOR HIGH-SPEED OPERATION. SEVERAL AUTHORS HAVE MADE SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTIONS OVER THE LAST FEW YEARS TO THE EVALUATION AND ANALYSIS OF DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF HIGH SPEED MULTIHULL FORMS. IN THIS PAPER, AN ATTEMPT HAS BEEN MADE TO PRESENT THE DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF A HIGH-SPEED CATAMARAN HULL FORM. THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL STRIP THEORY METHOD (USING LEWIS-FORM SECTIONS) HAS BEEN USED TO PREDICT THE HEAVE AND PITCH MOTIONS IN FREQUENCY DOMAIN. FINALLY THE RESPONSE AMPLITUDE OPERATORS (RAO) AT DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS (WAVE ENTRANCE AHEAD AND LATERALLY) ARE OBTAINED.

TODAY, REINFORCEMENT AND RESTORATION OF OFFSHORE STRUCTURES HAS BECOME A REASONABLE SOLUTION TO KEEP OFFSHORE STRUCTURES UPRIGHT. FOR THE PURPOSE OF THIS ARTICLE, ‘RESTORATION’ MEANS PERFORMING CERTAIN EXECUTIVE OPERATIONS SUCH AS TROUBLESHOOTING AND FINDING SOLUTIONS AS TO HOW IT IS POSSIBLE TO TREAT MALFUNCTIONS. THE AGES OF MOST OF OFFSHORE PLATFORMS THAT HAVE BEEN INSTALLED IN PERSIAN GULF ARE OVER 30 YEARS. SO, RESTORATION AND RECOVERY OF SUCH STRUCTURES FORM AN INTEGRAL PART OF NATIONAL PROBLEMS. SINCE SUCH OPERATIONS ARE VERY EXPENSIVE, WE INTRODUCE A NUMBER OF INNOVATIVE AND INEXPENSIVE SOLUTIONS. THIS ARTICLE TAKES A NEW APPROACH TOWARDS RECOVERY OF PERMANENT STEEL MOLDED OFFSHORE PLATFORMS WHICH HAVE BEEN FIXED USING CABLES. THIS ARTICLE ALSO STUDIES THE BEHAVIOR OF SUCH PLATFORMS BY MEANS OF DETERMINING DYNAMIC PARAMETERS AND THE AMOUNT OF INTERNAL FORCE REDUCTION. STRUCTURE ANALYSIS WAS CONDUCTED USING ANSYS AND RESULTS INDICATE THAT 8 CABLES WITH CROSS SECTION OF NEARLY 180CM2 ARE ENOUGH TO RECOVER A REAL OFFSHORE BASED ON API INSTRUCTION.

SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF SURFACE WAVES (SASW) IS A NON-DESTRUCTIVE, ON-THE-SPOT TECHNIQUE WHICH IS USED IN GEO-TECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS AND OPERATIONS THAT ARE DESIGNED TO DETERMINE INFLEXIBILITY PROFILE OF LAND LAYERS BOTH IN LAND AND SEA. DUE TO BEING QUICK AND ACCURATE, THIS TECHNIQUE IS OFTEN PREFERRED TO OTHER SEISMIC METHODS. SASW IS BASED ON GENERATION AND RECORD OF SEISMIC WAVES ON THE SURFACE OF LAND OR AT SEABED AND THEN PHASE DIFFERENCE OF RESULTING SIGNALS ARE ANALYZED IN FREQUENCY SCOPE. THE OUTCOME IS THEN REVERSED USING AN ELASTIC MODEL. WHEN EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS ARE USED TO GENERATE SEISMIC WAVES DURING SASW EXPERIMENT INSIDE THE SEA, SOUND WAVES ARE PRODUCED AS A RESULT OF EXPLOSION. IT AFFECTS RECORDS OF THE RECEIVERS AND CAUSES IN THE INACCURACY OF RESULTS WHICH SOMETIMES MAY BE CONFUSING AS WELL. IT IS, THEREFORE, NECESSARY TO FOCUS ON PROPERTIES OF SOUND WAVES THAT ARE GENERATED IN THIS WAY. THE THEORETICAL MODEL THAT HAS BEEN APPLIED FOR SASW EPERIMENT TAKES SURFACE AND SOUND WAVES INTO ACCOUNT.

LOSS OF UNDERGROUND WATERS IN COASTAL AREAS THAT IS A RESULT OF PROJECTION OF WATER INTO SALTY WATER IS INCREASINGLY BECOMING A VITAL ISSUE IN PROVISION OF FRESH WATER AND MEETING THE NEEDS FOR WATER IN SUCH AREAS. SINCE THE DENSITY OF FRESH WATER AND SALTY WATER DIFFERS, A TRANSITIONAL AREA EMERGES BETWEEN THESE TWO SORTS OF WATER WHICH IS THE RESULT OF SUCH DIFFERENCE. THE EXTENT OF PROJECTION OF SALTY WATER INTO THE TRANSITIONAL AREA DEPENDS ON A VARIETY OF FACTORS WHICH INCLUDE CHANGES OF SEA LEVEL, UPPER HAND HYDROLOGICAL REGIME, TIDES AND SEASONAL SWAYS OF SEA WATER. THIS PHENOMENON HAS BEEN KNOWN FOR OVER ONE CENTURY. THIS ARTICLE SEEKS TO STUDY THE EFFECTS OF SEA WATER ON THE PROJECTION OF SALTY WATER INTO COASTAL AREAS. FOR THE PURPOSE OF SIMULATION OF THIS PHENOMENON, CASPIAN SEA LEVEL CHANGES WERE TAKEN AS A MODEL.

SUBAERIAL LANDSLIDE GENERATED WAVES (SLGW) HAVE LONG BEEN A MATTER OF SUBSTANTIAL CONCERN DUE TO ORIGINATING CATASTROPHE ALONG SHORELINES. COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON PRESENTED EMPIRICAL EQUATIONS FOR ESTIMATING FAR-FIELD RUNUP OF SLGW HAS UNDERTAKEN. USING PHYSICAL SCALE MODELLING RESULTS, ACCURACY OF EMPIRICAL EQUATIONS IS WHAT HAS BEEN DONE IN THE PRESENT STUDY. AIMING TO BRING INSIGHT TO COASTAL DESIGN, EMPIRICAL EQUATIONS HAVE BEEN APPLIED TO SEVERAL REAL EVENT OF SLGW. EMPIRICAL EQUATION OF HALL AND WATTS HAS BEEN PRESENTED THE BEST CONSISTENCY AND SYNOLAKIS, HUGHES AND LI AND RAICHLEN EMPIRICAL EQUATIONS PREDICTS WITH THE LEAST DEVIATIONS. THE RESULTS PRESENTED IN THIS PAPER MAY BE USEFUL FOR PRELIMINARY HAZARD ASSESSMENT, WHERE A SIMPLE AND QUICK JUDGMENT OF THE RESULTING WAVE RUNUP HEIGHT AND LOCATIONS ARE REQUIRED.

THE PREDICTION OF REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENTS THROUGH SINGLE PERFORATED SHEETS PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE ASSESSMENT OF THE HYDRAULIC RESPONSES OF SCREEN BREAKWATERS AND UPRIGHT PERFORATED WAVE FILTERS AND ABSORBERS AND THEIR EFFICIENT DESIGN. THIS PAPER REVIEWS THE RESULT OF LABORATORY TESTS IN WAVE FLUMES TO DETERMINE THE REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENTS (C R AND C T, RESPECTIVELY) THROUGH SINGLE PERFORATED SHEETS. IT HAS BEEN SHOWN THAT THESE COEFFICIENTS CAN BE CALCULATED BY USING TWO NEW FORMULAS WHICH RELATE C R AND C T TO THE WAVE-SCREEN PARAMETER. THIS PARAMETER IS THE RATIO OF THE PRODUCT OF DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT AND THE POROSITY OF THE SHEET TO THE ROOT SQUARE OF WAVE STEEPNESS IN DEEP WATER.

PILES ARE BROADLY USED IN MARINE COASTAL AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES. THIS ARTICLE TRIES TO FOCUS ON BEHAVIOR OF VERTICAL PILES THAT ARE USED IN BERTHS AND OTHER MARINE STRUCTURES. THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN PERFORMED BASED ON A NUMERICAL METHOD USING FLAC3D SOFTWARE. THIS SOFTWARE WORKS BASED ON FD LIMITED DIFFERENCES. TO ENSURE ACCURACY OF THE RESULTS, A PILE WAS CHOSEN AS THE MODEL AND RESULTS OF THE STUDY ARE MATCHED TO IT. THIS ARTICLE MAKES A COMPARISON AMONG FOUR DIFFERENT ARRANGEMENTS FOR PILES IN A BERTH. A COMPARISON BETWEEN RESULTS GIVES BETTER UNDERSTANDING ABOUT THE BEHAVIOR OF VERTICAL PILES AND SO IT CAN BE USED IN DESIGN OPTIMIZATION OPERATIONS.

CEMENT APPLICATION CAN HAVE A PROFOUND EFFECT IN EXTENSION OF LIFECYCLE AND DURABILITY OF CONCRETE IN AREAS WITH INVASIVE ENVIRONMENT. THIS ARTICLE DEALS WITH DURABILITY OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SAMPLES THAT HAVE BEEN MADE OF CEMENTS TYPES 2 AND 5. ALL MIXTURES HAVE BEEN MADE BASED ON 2:1 RATIO FOR WATER TO CEMENT. FOR EACH SAMPLE MIXTURE, THREE SORTS OF CONCRETE COATINGS WERE INCLUDED. ALSO THE SAMPLES MADE BY THESE MIXTURES WERE STORED IN THREE REAL ENVIRONMENTS: IN THE COAST, IN TIDAL AREAS AND UNDER THE WATER (IN BANDAR ABBAS, HORMOZGAN, IRAN). A NUMBER OF SAMPLES WERE PUT INTO EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS AS WELL. CERTAIN TESTS SUCH AS DETERMINATION OF THE POTENTIAL AND CORROSION INTENSITY OF ARMATURES, ION CHLORIDE CONTENT, AND CARBONATION WERE CONDUCTED ON SAMPLES. FINALLY, TEST RESULTS WERE COMPARED AND PERFORMANCE OF SAMPLES THAT HAD BEEN MADE OF DIFFERENT MIXTURES WAS STUDIED IN TERMS OF DURABILITY.

MATHEMATICS IS AN IMPORTANT SCIENCE IN CALCULATIONS RELATED TO PROFESSIONAL AND RESEARCHING SUBJECTS. SOUND PROPAGATION IN SEA WATER AND ITS APPLICATIONS IS BEING IMPORTANT AND MORE IMPORTANT IN SCIENCE RESEARCHING AND FISHERIES TOMOGRAPHY AND SOLITARY FRONTS [ ]. IN THIS ARTICLE, WE ARE FOLLOWING THE IMPORTANCE OF MATHEMATICAL SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS RELATED TO SOUND PROPAGATION IN SEA WATER. THE WAVE EQUATION IS SOLVED AND NOISE DIRECTIONALITY IS MODELED FROM DISTRIBUTED SURFACE NOISE SOURCES OVER A UNIFORMLY SLOPING SEA BED TAKING ACCOUNT OF MULTIPATH. WITH PAYING ATTENTION TO THIS ARTICLE AND THOSE SIMILAR, WE WILL UNDERSTAND THE IMPORTANCE OF MATHEMATICS IN CALCULATIONS RELATED TO SOUND PROPAGATION SYSTEMS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS.

FLOATING OFFSHORE STRUCTURES LIKE PLATFORMS OR BUOYS SUBJECTED TO CYCLIC LOADS CAUSED BY WIND, WAVES AND CURRENTS. THE MOTION OF FOS AND THE RESULTANT LOADS CAN BE PREDICTED WITH INCREASED ACCURACY USING NEW CFD TECHNIQUES. ALTHOUGH STUDIES OF THE DEFORMED FREE SURFACE NEAR THE WATERLINE HAVE BEEN ALREADY PERFORMED, CFD STUDIES OF FOS SEPARATE THE AERODYNAMIC AND HYDRODYNAMIC PHENOMENA. WHILE THE SEPARATION OF AERO- AND HYDRODYNAMICS SAVES TIME FOR MODELING AND SIMULATION, IT DOES NOT TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE STRONG INTERACTION BETWEEN THE FORCES ASSOCIATED WITH EACH. MOREOVER THE ROLE OF VISCOUS EFFECTS ON THE FREE SURFACE ELEVATION IS OFTEN NEGLECTED, AND THIS PREVENTS SUCH THINGS AS WATER FLOW SEPARATION FROM BEING PROPERLY CAPTURED. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY IS TO COUPLE CFD ANALYSIS OF THE AERODYNAMIC FLOW AROUND THE MASTS, TOGETHER WITH THE HYDRODYNAMIC FLOW AROUND THE HULL AND MOORING LINE OF A CYLINDRICAL BUOY, INCLUDING VISCOUS EFFECTS AND SURFACE WAVE GENERATION AT THE WATERLINE. THE VOLUME OF FLUID (VOF) MODEL IN FLUENT SOFTWARE WAS USED FOR THIS PURPOSE. THIS MULTIPHASE MODEL IS DESIGNED FOR IMMISCIBLE FLUIDS (AIR AND WATER IN THIS CASE), AND TRACKS THE INTERFACES BETWEEN THEM. THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS WERE ADOPTED BASED ON THE MET-OCEAN DATA OF THE PERSIAN GULF. THE RESULTS OF PARTICULAR INTEREST FROM THE ANALYSIS INCLUDE THE FREE SURFACE ELEVATION WITH THE RELATED WAVE DRAG, AND THE AERODYNAMIC AND HYDRODYNAMIC LIFT AND DRAG ACTING ON THE MASTS, HULL, AND MOORING LINE. THE LIFT AND DRAG RESULTS CAN BE USED TO DERIVE THE THRUST AND LATERAL FORCES ON THE BUOY, WHICH CAN THEN BE USED TO PREDICT THE BUOY VELOCITY CORRESPONDING TO A FIXED CONFIGURATION IN TERMS OF HEAVE, DRIFT AND HEEL ANGLES.

EVEN THOUGH TSUNAMI EVENTS ARE RARE ALONG IRANIAN COASTLINES, THEY SHOULD NOT BE COMPLETELY IGNORED BECAUSE OF THE DESTRUCTIVE FORCES OF TSUNAMIS THAT ARE ABLE TO CAUSE A MAJOR LOSS OF LIFE AND INJURY AS WELL AS THE PROPERTY DAMAGES. IN THIS STUDY, A HISTORICAL SURVEY OF TSUNAMI ATTACKS ON IRANIAN COASTLINES IS PRESENTED AND THE POSSIBILITY OF THE OCCURRENCE OF TSUNAMIS ALONG THE COASTS OF THE CASPIAN SEA, THE PERSIAN GULF AND THE SEA OF OMAN IS INVESTIGATED. IT IS SHOWN THAT OMAN SEA COASTLINE IS THE MOST VULNERABLE PART OF THE IRANIAN COASTS FOR BOTH TSUNAMIS AND TROPICAL STORMS. CONSIDERING THE ECONOMICAL AND SOCIAL IMPORTANCE OF CHABAHAR BAY, THE PROBABLE WATER LEVEL RISE IN THE BAY DUE TO AN PROBABLE SEVER EARTHQUAKE RESULTING FROM MEKRAN FAULT IS INVESTIGATED. THE PREDICTED RESULTS CAN BE UTILIZED FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF POSSIBLE COUNTERMEASURES.

RELIABLE DATA OF WIND/WAVE CHARACTERISTICS ARE ESSENTIAL FOR ALMOST ALL COASTAL AND MARINE ACTIVITIES. WIND SPEED AND WAVE HEIGHT IN DIFFERENT RETURN PERIODS HAVE SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ON MARINE AND COASTAL STRUCTURES AND THEIR DIRECTIONAL VALUES HELP MARINE ENGINEERS OPTIMIZE PROJECTS LAYOUT AND COST. IN THIS REGARDS, ECMWF WIND FIELD AND IWA WAVE FIELD WERE SELECTED AS THE BEST DATA SOURCES FOR LONG-TERM ANALYSIS. THESE DATA WERE EVALUATED IN MAGNITUDE AND DIRECTION AGAINST MEASURED DATA. DIRECTIONAL EXTREME VALUES IN CASPIAN SEA, PERSIAN GULF AND GULF OF OMAN WERE CALCULATED BY FITTING TRUNCATED GUMBEL DISTRIBUTION TO 11 YEARS SIMULATED DATA. THE RESULTS ARE ARCHIVED IN A DATA BASE TITLED DIRECTIONAL EXTREME WIND/WAVE ATLAS IN IRANIAN SEAS.

OIL SPILLS AT SEA ARE A MAJOR PROBLEM TO THE ENVIRONMENT AS THEY SEVERELY DAMAGE THE SURROUNDING ECOSYSTEMS. SINCE CRUDE OIL IS LIGHTER THAN WATER, IT FLOATS ON THE SEA SURFACE. THE INITIAL TREATMENT OF AN OIL SPILL AT SEA INCLUDES MECHANICALLY SKIMMING THE WATER'S SURFACE, A MIXTURE OF FLOATING OIL, EMULSIFIED OIL, TAR BALLS, ETC. WILL BE TAKEN ONTO THE RECOVERY BARGE AND DELIVERED FOR TREATMENT AND RECLAMATION. A LAB SCALE EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH WAS CONDUCTED TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DIFFERENT OILY-WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES. THIS RESEARCH INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GRAVITY OIL/ WATER SEPARATION, COAGULATION/ FLOCCULATION/ SEDIMENTATION, AND SAND FILTRATION TECHNOLOGIES. EFFECT OF DIFFERENT PARAMETERS SUCH AS HYDRAULIC RESIDENCE TIME, TYPE OF COAGULANT, AND COAGULANT DOSE WERE STUDIED. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT MORE THAN 95% OF OILY COMPOUNDS CAN BE SEPARATED FROM OILY-WATER WASTE WHICH IS AN EXCELLENT STEP IN PREVENTING SEA-WATER POLLUTION.

PILES ARE NORMALLY CONSTRUCTED IN GROUPS AND CLOSE TO EACH OTHER. THIS CAUSES THAT PILES INTERACT. THIS PAPER DEVELOPS A NEW APPROACH FOR DETERMINATION OF INTERACTION FACTOR BETWEEN CLOSELY SPACED PILES IN THE GROUP. THE SEGMENT BY SEGMENT METHOD (SSM) INITIALLY DEVELOPED BY THE FIRST AUTHOR IS USED TO DETERMINE LOAD-CARRYING CHARACTERISTICS OF BOTH THE “SOURCE” (LOADED) AND THE “RECEIVER” (LOAD-FREE) PILES. THE MAIN SUPERIORITY OF THE NEW APPROACH PRESENTED IN THIS PAPER IS THAT THE PRESENCE OF THE “RECEIVER” PILE IS TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT, UNLIKE OTHER AVAILABLE METHODS. MOREOVER, THE SSM FACILITATES TO DEAL WITH THE SOIL INHOMOGENEITY IN THE VERTICAL DIRECTION. IN THE SSM, IT IS ASSUMED THAT THE SOIL AND THE PILE HAVE LINEAR ELASTIC BEHAVIOR AND NO SLIP OCCURS BETWEEN THE SOIL AND THE PILE. THE DEVELOPED METHOD CALCULATES THE STATIC VERTICAL INTERACTION FACTOR FOR LAYERED SOILS CONSIDERING THE FLEXIBILITY OF THE “RECEIVER” PILE. THE DEVELOPED METHOD CLARIFIES THE SHORTCOMING OF EXISTING METHODS THAT BASICALLY IGNORES THE PRESENCE OF THE “RECEIVER” PILE. PARAMETRIC STUDIES HAVE BEEN PERFORMED, SHOWING THE CAPABILITY OF THE METHOD BASED ON ITS SIMPLICITY AND ALSO EFFICIENCY IN CALCULATING THE STATIC VERTICAL INTERACTION FACTORS IN INHOMOGENOUS SOILS WITHOUT LIMITATION IN NUMBER OF SOIL LAYERS.

USING THE DESIGN FACTORS IS A TRADITIONAL METHOD IN SOLID MECHANICS DESIGN. THIS METHOD IS STILL ALSO THE BASE OF SOME DESIGN STANDARDS IN THE WORLD. IN THIS PAPER, A MODIFICATION HAS BEEN PERFORMED TO TRADITIONAL VON MISSES STRESS CHECK METHOD FOR THE CALCULATION OF SUB SEA PIPELINE FREE SPANNING.THE DNV OS F101 WHICH IS A WELL KNOWN STANDARD FOR SUB SEA PIPELINES HAS BEEN USED FOR CALIBRATION [3]. A SPREAD SHEET TYPE PROGRAM FOR FREE SPAN CALCULATION HAS BEEN DEVELOPED FOR “FORCE MODEL” WHICH FACILITATES THE EVALUATION OF THE FREE SPAN LENGTH BASED ON THE LATEST DNV PROPOSED METHOD AS WELL AS TRADITIONAL VON MISSES STRESS CHECK. THE METHOD STATEMENT IS THE CALCULATION OF MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE SUB SEA PIPELINE FREE SPAN, BY DNV PROPOSED METHOD AND CONSEQUENTLY EVALUATION OF ALLOWABLE STRESS TO RESULT THE SAME FREE SPAN LENGTH IN VON MISSES TRADITIONAL METHOD. THE DESIGN FACTORS WHICH ARE THE STRESS FACTORS (SF) WILL BE CALCULATED BY THE RATIO OF EXISTING EQUIVALENT VON MISSES STRESS TO YIELD STRENGTH OF THE PIPELINE MATERIAL (FY).

IRAN IS A COUNTRY WHICH HAS THE CAPABILITY OF RIVER SHIPPING. HOWEVER UTILIZATION OF SUCH CAPABILITY NEEDS STRONG ECONOMIC AND TECHNICAL STUDIES. KARUN RIVER, BEING ABOUT 1000 KM IN LENGTH, IS THE SOLE RIVER (IN IRAN) THAT IS PROPER FOR SHIPPING. GIVEN THE LIMITATIONS THAT EXIST IN CAPACITY OF ROAD/RAILROAD TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS AND BECAUSE OF COST-EFFICIENCY OF SHIPPING THE IRONSTONE - AS A MATERIAL NEEDED BY STEEL INDUSTRY - FROM IMAM KHOMEINI PORT TO AHVAZ, IT SEEMS NECESSARY TO FOCUS ON RIVER TRANSPORTATION IN KARUN. SHIPS TRAFFIC AT WATERWAYS CAUSE WAVES WHICH ENDANGERS THE STABILITY OF COASTAL AREAS AND STRUCTURES. THIS ARTICLE INTENDS TO CALCULATE THE SPEED AND LENGTH OF WAVES. GIVEN THE COMPLEXITY OF MECHANISM OF DETERMINING THE HEIGHT OF A WAVE, WE AIM TO DO THAT USING SEVEN MATHEMATICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL MODELS. THEN, CONSIDERING THE WAVES DESTRUCTIVE POTENTIAL AS WELL AS TYPE OF PLANTS THAT COVER SUCH AREAS (FROM AHVAZ TO KHORAMSHAHR), WE DETERMINE TO WHAT EXTENT KARUN COASTS ARE STABLE (OR UNSTABLE). THE COST THAT IS INCURRED DUE TO STABILIZATION OF COASTAL AREAS MUST ABSOLUTELY BE INCLUDED IN ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY STUDIES.

DUE TO THE INCREASING USE OF MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT IN MARINE OPERATIONS, ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTIONS ARE ALSO INCREASED. NOISE POLLUTANTS ARE ONE OF THE MAIN SOURCES OF POLLUTION. THEY ARE USED IN MANY FACILITIES SUCH AS OIL/GAS DRILLING PLATFORMS, EQUIPMENT DESIGNED TO BE USED FOR DREDGING AND THOSE WHICH ARE USED IN MARINE INVESTIGATIONS SUCH AS AIR-GUNS, GASEOUS GUNS, VIBRATORS AND EXPLOSIVES. THESE ALL CONTRIBUTE TO INCREASED NOISE-POLLUTION AND THEIR EFFECTS ON MAN-POWER. IN THE LONG-TIME, DEPENDING ON THE INTENSITY OF THEIR OPERATIONS, SURFACE AND SUB-SURFACE WAVES THAT ARE GENERATED AS A RESULT OF OPERATION OF SUCH EQUIPMENTS CAN AFFECT HUMAN HEALTH. THIS ARTICLE TRIES TO IDENTIFY THE PROPERTIES AND SPECIFICATIONS OF SUCH WAVES, RELYING ON MEASUREMENTS AND EXPERIMENTS ALREADY MADE, AND THEN DISCOVER TO WHAT EXTENT THEY CAN AFFECT HUMAN HEALTH IN ORDER TO FIND A SOLUTION THAT CAN HELP FIGURE OUT HOW MUCH TIME IS NEEDED FOR THOSE WHO ARE SUBJECT TO SUCH WAVES TO BE AFFECTED BY THE POLLUTANTS.

INTRODUCTION: NUMERICAL STUDY OF FLOW BEHAVIOR IN RIVERS AND COASTS HAS AN INTERESTING RANGE OF APPLICATIONS IN FIELDS SUCH AS RIVER HYDRAULICS, ENVIRONMENTAL HYDRAULICS AND OTHER SIMILAR ACTIVITIES. IN THIS WORK THE FORMULATION OF A FINITE ELEMENT NUMERICAL MODEL FOR THE SHALLOW WATER EQUATIONS IS INTRODUCED AND THE MODEL IS TESTED USING SOME STANDARD EXAMPLES CITED IN THE LITERATURE. THE DEPTH INTEGRATED SHALLOW WATER EQUATIONS GOVERN THE HYDRODYNAMICS IN THE SHALLOW WATER BODIES AND ONE OF SUITABLE NUMERICAL TECHNIQUES OF THESE PDES IS THE CBS FINITE ELEMENT ALGORITHM.

THIS PAPER PRESENTS PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF AN UNDERGOING GEOMORPHIC ASSESSMENT OF CHABAHAR BAY CONDUCTED AS PART OF THE MONITORING AND MODELING STUDY OF SOME COASTAL PARTS OF SISTAN AND BALUCHESTAN AND BUSHEHR PROVINCES (MONITOR SB&B) PROJECT, INITIATED BY THE PORTS AND SHIPPING ORGANIZATION. THE FIRST PHASE OF THE MONITOR SB&B PROJECT INCLUDES A NUMBER OF INVESTIGATIONS COVERING SITE VISITS, OVERFLIGHT, GIS ANALYSIS OF HISTORIC AIRPHOTOS AND CHARTS, HYDROGRAPHIC AND TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEYS, A 25-YEAR WAVE HINDCAST, EXTENSIVE FIELD MEASUREMENTS AND VARIOUS 2DH AND 3D NUMERICAL MODELING OF HYDRODYNAMICS AND SEDIMENT TRANSPORT OF THE CHABAHAR AREA. THIS PAPER SUMMARIZES OUR OBSERVATIONS DURING A SITE VISIT COMPLETED IN JUNE 2006.

PANTONE BREAKWATER IS A RECTANGULAR, FLOATING STRUCTURE WHICH IS FIXED TO SEABED VIA BRACE. THIS IS DESIGNED TO BE USED FOR THE PURPOSE OF REDUCING WAVE’S ENERGY. ITS DESIGN INCLUDES HYDRAULIC OPTIONS. TO DATE, NO ACCURATE METHOD HAS ALREADY BEEN DEVISED THAT COULD PROVIDE THE SERVICES THAT THIS BREAKWATER DOES. GENERALLY, FLOATING BREAKWATERS ARE STRUCTURES THAT AIM TO REMOVE WAVES IN FAVOR OF CREATING A CALM ENVIRONMENT AT SEA. PHYSICAL MODELS ARE OFTEN USED TO TEST OPERABILITY OF BREAKWATERS. THIS ARTICLE TRIES TO REVIEW THE EFFECT OF WAVE ENERGY SPECTRUM ON PANTONE BREAKWATER USING EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY. THIS MODEL WAS TESTED IN FLUME OF SOIL PRESERVATION RESEARCH CENTER DURING 2004 AND 2005. FOR THIS PURPOSE, 50 TESTS WERE CONDUCTED ON THE MODEL USING PIERSON-MOSKOWITS AND JONSWAP.

RUBBER CUSHION DAMS ARE INFLATABLE AND DEFLATABLE HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES. THOUSANDS OF RUBBER DAMS HAVE BEEN INSTALLED WORLDWIDE FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES: IRRIGATION, WATER SUPPLY, POWER GENERATION, TIDAL BARRIER, FLOOD CONTROL, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT, AND RECREATION. RUBBER DAMS HAVE BEEN USED FOR THE PAST 40 YEARS IN RIVER AND COASTAL ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS, IN ALL OF THE WORLD AND OVERSEAS. AN INFLATABLE RUBBER DAM IS BASICALLY AN ENVELOPE FORMED FROM A FABRIC-REINFORCED RUBBER MEMBRANE WHICH IS ANCHORED TO A CONCRETE FOUNDATION THE MEMBRANE THAT FORMS THE RUBBER DAM TYPICALLY IS CONSTRUCTED WITH MULTIPLE LAYERS OF REINFORCEMENT FABRICS SUCH AS NYLON OR EVEN RUBBER. DESPITE THE INCREASING INTEREST FOR RUBBER DAMS, LITTLE INFORMATION IS AVAILABLE ON THEIR HYDRAULIC PERFORMANCES. THE OVERFLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF INFLATED RUBBER DAMS ARE REINVESTIGATED. IN THIS ARTICLE THE CONCEPT DESIGN METHOD OF RUBBER CUSHION DAM FOR CONTROL THE FLOOD AND SURFACE WATER HAVE BEEN SHOWED AND DISCUSS FOR USING OF THIS TECHNOLOGY FOR COAST ENGINEERING (ESPECIALLY NEAR THE BANK AND RIVER SIDE).THE ADVANTAGE OF THIS RESEARCH SATISFIED THE PHYSICAL CHARACTERS OF IRANIAN PORTS AND MANY OTHER PART OF PERSIAN GULF COAST.

ONE OF THE IMPORTANT TOPICS IN CATENARY RISER DESIGN IS THE SCR TOUCH DOWN REGION AND ITS INTERACTION WITH THE SEABED. TWENTY-TWO PIPE-SOIL INTERACTION TESTS HAVE BEEN CARRIED OUT. THE SOIL USED IN THE STUDY IS A CLAY FROM OFFSHORE WEST AFRICA. THIS UNUSUAL MATERIAL, WAS ARTIFICIALLY PRE-CONSOLIDATED UNDER SURCHARGE AND THEN HOMOGENIZED. ALL TESTS WERE CARRIED OUT ON A STIFF, ALUMINIUM PIPE SECTION. PORE PRESSURES WERE MEASURED AT THE PIPE-SOIL INTERFACE AT A NUMBER OF LOCATIONS. A LOAD CELL ON THE PIPE SUPPORT PLATES WAS USED TO OBTAIN THE NET SOIL FORCES P (HORIZONTAL) AND Q (VERTICAL) ON THE PIPE. THE FORCES P AND Q DUE TO HORIZONTAL SWEEPING H FROM THE CENTRE OF A PREFORMED TRENCH OF WIDTH 3D AND DEPTH H, WERE THE FOCUS OF INVESTIGATION IN THESE TESTS.

DYNAMIC TESTING OF PILE USING PILE DRIVING ANALYZER HAS BECOME MODERN SOLUTION TO ESTIMATE PILE BEARING CAPACITY. AT THE PRESENT TIME, TO CALCULATE SUCH A CAPACITY, THE MATCH OF TIME-ENERGY FIGURE DATA THAT HAS BEEN DERIVED FROM RECORDED INFORMATION AND THE SELECTION OF OIL RESISTANCE VARIABLES USING COMPLEMENTARY SOFTWARE, CAPWAP, ARE MATTERS OF EXPERIMENT. THEREFORE, CONSIDERING THE TEST AND ERROR IN THE ALGORITHM AND THE EXISTENCE OF GREAT VARIETY OF VARIABLES THAT AFFECT SOIL WHICH IS USED BY CAPWAP IN ITS PROCESS TO ACHIEVE THE BEST MATCH, IT IS POSSIBLE TO ACHIEVE A MATCH QUALITY THAT CORRESPONDS TO THE RESULTS ALREADY ACHIEVED ABOUT PILE BEARING CAPACITY. THIS ARTICLE INTENDS TO STUDY THE IMPACT OF ALTERATIONS IN SOIL PARAMETERS AND CONSIDER SUCH EFFECTS ON THE BEARING CAPACITY DISTRIBUTED BETWEEN PILE TIP AND PILE WALL AND TOTALLY ON BEARING CAPACITY IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE A MATCH QUALITY THAT IS SIMILAR TO A PARTICULAR RECORD. FROM AMONG THE TOTAL NUMBER OF 12 SAMPLES WHICH ARE CONSIDERED TO BE SUITABLE FOR ACHIEVING MATCH QUALITY, 6 VARIABLES ARE CASE DAMPING FOR THE TIP AND WALL OF THE PILE. SMITH DAMPING IS OF GREAT IMPORTANCE FOR WALL AND TIP OF THE PILE AS WELL AS MAXIMAL QUAKE DISPLACEMENT.

BERTH, ALSO KNOWN AS BERTHING STRUCTURE, IS MAINLY USED FOR LOADING AND UNLOADING CARGOES. REGARDLESS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF THIS STRUCTURE, ALL BERTHS HAVE THREE MAIN FUNCTIONS: ALLOWING BERTHING FOR SHIPS, FILLING THE GAP BETWEEN SHIP AND LAND (ACCESS BRIDGE) AND PLAYING THE ROLE OF BACK WALL FOR FILLERS THAT ARE BEHIND THE BERTH. BERTHS HAVE THREE BROAD SYSTEMS: DECK AND PILE, WALL, WEIGHT. THE FIRST SYSTEMS ARE USED WHEN LAND IS SOFT AND SOIL LAYERS ARE DEEP INSIDE THE SEA. ALTHOUGH DECK AND PILE BERTH CAN CONVENIENTLY BE IMPLEMENTED, IT NEEDS SPECIAL MAINTENANCE BECAUSE OF STEEL’S LOW RESISTANCE AGAINST CORROSION. WEIGHT BERTHS ARE USED IN AREAS WHERE WATER IS NOT TURBULENT AND SEA BED IS STRONG ENOUGH. CONCRETE BLOCK BERTH IS THE MOST COMMON TYPE OF WEIGHT BERTHS. THIS ARTICLE DEALS WITH TECHNOLOGY OF MAKING DECK AND PILE BERTH AND GIVES AN ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF SUCH PROJECTS. PARS PETROCHEMICAL PORT IS USED AS CASE STUDY.

A CLIMATE SIGNAL IN SEA-LEVEL CAN BE EXPECTED FOR TWO REASONS: FIRSTLY, THE OCEAN VOLUME CHANGES WHENEVER A CHANGE IN THE HEAT CONTENT OF OCEAN WATER TAKES PLACE, AND SECONDLY, OCEAN MASS CHANGES DUE TO A CHANGE IN THE MASS FLOW BETWEEN THE OCEAN AND OTHER RESERVOIRS OF THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE. MONITORING OCEAN TEMPERATURE IS NOT A SIMPLE MATTER, HOWEVER. WHILE SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURES ARE RELATIVELY WELL MEASURED, DEEP OCEAN THERMAL STRUCTURE REMAINS UNCONSTRAINED. EVEN THE THERMAL STRUCTURE OF THE MIXED LAYER IS NOT WELL MONITORED, ALTHOUGH SOME EFFORTS ARE BEING MADE TOWARD THAT END.IN AN ATTEMPT TO UNDERSTAND THE CAUSES OF SEASONAL CYCLE OF SEA LEVEL IN THE PERSIAN GULF, WE RELATE SEA LEVEL DATA FROM ELEVEN STATIONS TO ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE AND THERMOSTERIC LEVEL. THE SEA LEVEL VARIES SLIGHTLY FROM ONE STATION TO ANOTHER AND ARE SIGNIFICANTLY ARE CORRELATED TO EACH OTHER THE THERMOSTERIC SEA LEVEL VARIABILITY PRODUCED BY THE TEMPARATURE IN THE PERSIAN GULF IS ESTIMATED FROM TEMPERATURE PROFILE AT EACH GRID POINT. THE CONTOUR MAPS OF THERMOSTERIC LEVEL SHOW THAT HEIGHT DUE TO THE THERMAL EXPANSION IS HIGH IN SUMMER AND AUTUMN, AND LOW DURING WINTER AND SPRING. THE MONTHLY MEAN THERMOSTRIC HEIGHT RANGES FROM +2, 2 CM IN JULY TO -2, 1 CM IN FEBRUARY. THE DOMINANT INFLUENCE ON THE SEASONAL CYCLE OF SEA LEVEL IS ASSOCIATED WITH ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE BUT THE THERMOSTERIC SEA LEVEL ADJUSTMENT IN THE MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS INCREASES THE PROPORTION OF THE VARIANCE EXPLAINED TO 78, 1-90, 7%. SEASONAL CYCLE OF THE FLOW EXCHANGE THROUGH THE STRAIT OF HORMUZ IS RELATED TO THE SEASONAL SEA LEVEL CHANGES.

INTRODUCTION: OFFSHORE STRUCTURES WORK IN SEVER HARSH ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS WHICH LEAD TO HIGH CORROSION RATES. TO PROTECT SUCH THESE STRUCTURES, VARIOUS METHODS HAVE BEEN USED. FOR EXAMPLE, FOR ATMOSPHERIC AND SPLASH ZONES, PROPER COVERING PROTECTION SYSTEMS HAVE BEEN EMPLOYED. IN SUB SEA ZONE DUE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS WHICH IS A SOLUTION OF VARIOUS SALTS, ANODIC PROTECTION SYSTEM IS PRACTICED.

RELIABLE WAVE INFORMATION IS ESSENTIAL TO THE DESIGN OF ANY COASTAL FACILITY AND TO THE ASSESSMENT OF COASTAL PROCESSES, SUCH AS SEDIMENT TRANSPORT. A DETAILED INVESTIGATION OF THE WAVE CLIMATE ON THE OMAN SEA COASTLINE OF IRAN IS BEING CARRIED OUT IN SUPPORT OF A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF COASTAL ZONE PROCESSES (PROJECT MONITOR SB&B BY PSO). THE OMAN SEA COAST IS SUBJECT TO A COMPLEX WAVE CLIMATE WITH TWO DISTINCT COMPONENTS: (1) SEAS THAT ARE GENERATED IN THE GULF OF OMAN AND APPROACH FROM A WESTERLY TO SOUTHWESTERLY DIRECTION; AND (2) LONG-PERIOD SWELLS THAT ARE GENERATED IN THE INDIAN OCEAN AND APPROACH FROM SOUTHERLY TO SOUTHEASTERLY DIRECTIONS. THIS PAPER PRESENTS PRELIMINARY RESULTS BASED ON THE WORK COMPLETED TO DATE.

INTRODUCTION: BAIRD & ASSOCIATES HAS BEEN INVOLVED IN THE MODELING, DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF NUMEROUS CONVENTIONAL, NON-CONVENTIONAL AND INNOVATIVE BREAKWATER DESIGNS OVER THE PAST 25 YEARS. THIS PAPER PROVIDES A DISCUSSION OF THE DESIGN PROCESS UTILIZED BY BAIRD & ASSOCIATES FOR THE DESIGN OF BREAKWATERS AND OTHER COASTAL STRUCTURES. THIS IS FOLLOWED BY BRIEF SUMMARIES OF FOUR RECENT PROJECTS THAT REQUIRED THE DEVELOPMENT OF UNIQUE RUBBLEMOUND BREAKWATER DESIGNS TO MEET PROJECT SPECIFIC CONSTRAINTS, CRITERIA AND REQUIREMENTS.

IN THIS PAPER THE BEARING CAPACITY OF CYLINDRICAL, TAPERED AND STEPPED PILES UNDER VERTICAL STATIC LOADS HAS BEEN INVESTIGATED USING FINITE DIFFERENCE METHOD BASED ON THE COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE CODE, FLAC 3D (FAST LAGRANGIAN ANALYSIS OF CONTINUA). THE PILE IS ASSUMED TO HAVE LINEARLY ELASTIC. THE MAIN OBJECTIVE OF THE PAPER IS TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER A TAPERED PILE CAN BE IDEALIZED AS SOME PRISMATIC SEGMENTS CONNECTED RIGIDLY AT NODES. THE SOIL FAILURE IS ASSUMED TO OBEY MOHR-COULOMB CRITERION. THE SOIL-PILE INTERACTION HAS BEEN MODELED USING INTERFACE ELEMENTS. SUCH ELEMENTS ALLOW THE PILE TO SLIP FROM THE SOIL WHEN NECESSARY. A CYLINDRICAL PILE OF THE SAME VOLUME AND LENGTH HAS ALSO BEEN ANALYZED. THIS FACILITATES TO COMPARE LOAD-CARRYING CAPACITY OF PRISMATIC, UNIFORMLY TAPERED, AND STEP-TAPERED PILES OF THE SAME VOLUME AND LENGTH. TO ENSURE THE ACCURACY OF THE CONSTRUCTED NUMERICAL MODEL OF PILES, THE RESULTS OBTAINED FROM NUMERICAL ANALYSIS HAVE BEEN COMPARED WITH THOSE OBTAINED FROM EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL APPROACHES. THIS COMPARISON INDICATES A VERY GOOD AGREEMENT. IT WILL BE SHOWN THAT A UNIFORMLY TAPERED PILE CANE BE CONFIDENTLY IDEALIZED AS A NUMBER OF PRISMATIC SEGMENTS WHICH ARE CONNECTED TO EACH OTHER. THIS IS AN INTERESTING FINDING AND ENABLES USERS TO APPLY SIMPLE ONE DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL ANALYSIS FOR DETERMINATION OF PILE CAPACITY.

THIS ARTICLE TRIES TO REVIEW ANNUAL SEA WAVES IN ASSALOUYEH REGION. FOR THIS PURPOSE, IT PRESENTS WAVES SPECIFICATIONS BASED ON THE STATISTICAL DATA AND ANALYTICAL METHODS THAT ARE MAINLY USED FOR SUCH TASKS. AFTER ANALYZING DATA, COMPARISONS ARE MADE AMONG THE WAVES OF EACH PART WITH THOSE OF OTHER PARTS. THE WAVES THAT BELONG TO DEEP WATERS MAY GEOMETRICALLY AND TOPOGRAPHICALLY UNDERGO CHANGES AT THE TIME OF MOVING TO SHALLOW WATERS. IT IS VITAL TO TAKE SUCH CHANGES INTO ACCOUNT TO ASSESS THE ASSALOUYEH SEA WAVES. TO ACHIEVE THIS AIM, GLENN STUDIES ARE USED TO OBTAIN THE MAIN DIRECTION OF ANNUAL SEA WAVES IN THE REGION.

INCREASINGLY OFFSHORE OPERATORS OF STEEL JACKET STRUCTURES ARE REQUIRING REAPPRAISAL OF EXISTING INSTALLATIONS. THIS MAY BE IN THE LIGHT OF REVISED DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS BASED ON A BETTER KNOWLEDGE OF STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE. MANY JACKETS HAVE FOUNDATION PILES THROUGH EACH MAIN LEG WHICH ARE WELDED TO THE STRUCTURE AT DECK LEVEL. THE ANNULUS BETWEEN THE PILE AND LEG MIGHT BE FILLED WITH CEMENT GROUT AS A MEANS OF REDUCING HORIZONTAL DEFLECTIONS, INHIBITING CORROSION, AND INCREASING ENERGY ABSORPTION CAPACITY.THIS PAPER AIMS AT DISCUSSING AN APPROACH WHICH CAN BE USED TO DEMONSTRATE ENHANCED STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE DUE TO BOTH THE PRESENCE AND LACK OF GROUTED PILES. IN THIS STUDY, NONLINEAR FIBER ELEMENT WILL BE USED. THEREFORE, DIFFERENT BEHAVIOR OF GROUTED AND UNGROUTED JACKETS AND THE RELATIVE DIFFERENT PILE-LEG INTERACTION IS INVESTIGATED. THE EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS OF TWO FRAMES OF THE SAME GEOMETRIES FILLED WITH A STANDARD OFFSHORE CEMENT GROUT IN THEIR PILE-LEG GAP UNDER LATERAL DECK DISPLACEMENT-CONTROLLED LOAD, TOGETHER WITH THE TWO SIMILAR FRAMES WITHOUT ANY GROUT, ARE ONGOING AND WILL BE PRESENTED IN NEAR FUTURE. HOWEVER, THIS PAPER PRESENTS AN IMPORTANT COMPARISON BETWEEN THE GENERAL BEHAVIORS OF GROUTED AND UN-GROUTED OFFSHORE FRAMES IN AN AREA WHERE THERE ARE MANY EXISTING JACKET-TYPE PLATFORMS.

SOUND IS A MECHANICAL WAVE. SOUND SPEED IS ABOUT 331, 4 (M/S) AND A LITTLE VARIABLE. THIS SPEED IS 4 TO 5 TIMES THE ABOVE IN SEA WATER. WITH VARIATION IN TEMPERATURE, SALINITY AND DEPTH IN DIFFERENT POINTS OF WATER BASINS IN SEAS AND OCEANS SOUND PROPAGATION SPEED VARIES. SOUND PROPAGATION APPLICATIONS AREN’T LITTLE IN SCIENCES AND RESEARCHES AND IN FISHERIES AND DEFENSIVE AFFAIRS TOO. WE CAN GET PHOTOS ABOUT TOPOGRAPHY OF BOTTOM, EXACT MEASUREMENTS OF SEA WATER PARAMETERS (SALINITY, TEMPERATURE, CONDUCTIVITY AND CLEARITY) AND CLEAR PHOTOS OF FISH MASS, OBSTACLES IN FRONT OF SUBMARINES OR HIDING PLACE OF ENEMYS SUBMARINE USING SYSTEMS SUCH AS ECHO SOUNDER, CTD AND SONAR ARRANGELY. IT IS NECESSARY TO CONSIDER SCIENTIFIC RESEARCHING DEVELOPMENTS ABOUT ACOUSTICAL SCIENCES AND SOUND TOMOGRAPHY PARTICULARLY SOUND PROPAGATION APPLICATION IN SEAS AND OCEANS THAT COVER 2.3 OF THE EARTH SURFACE. IT IS NECESSARY TO ESTABLISH RELATED MAJORS AT UNIVERSITIES. APPOINTING THE USEFULLY LEVEL OF TEAM MANAGEMENT AND GROUP PROGRAMMING IN MARINE RESEARCHES AND SOUND TOMOGRAPHY WILL BE THE RESULT OF THIS RESEARCH.

SLOSHING IN TANKS CARRYING LNG, LPG AND PETROLEUM IS AN IMPORTANT PHENOMENON AS DYNAMIC PRESSURE ARISES FROM SLOSHING CAN DESTROY THE CONTAINING TANKS. SO IT IS VITAL TO CONSIDER THIS PHENOMENON IN DESIGN STAGES OF CARRIERS. THE GOVERNING EQUATIONS IN FLUID FLOW ARE CONSERVATION OF MASS AND MOMENTUM. MODELING OF FREE SURFACE FLOW IN TANK NEEDS A SUITABLE TOOL. ONE OF THE MOST POWERFUL TOOLS TO MODEL THE FREE SURFACE IS VOF METHOD. EMPLOYING ADDITIONAL TRANSPORT EQUATION TOGETHER WITH CONSERVATION OF MASS AND MOMENTUM ENABLE US TO FOLLOW THE FREE SURFACE CHANGES. A COMPUTER CODE WAS DEVELOPED TO EVALUATE SLOSHING PROBLEM. THIS CODE COULD CALCULATE DYNAMIC PRESSURES EXERTED ON WALLS OF THE CONTAINERS. THE MODEL WAS VALIDATED USING EXPERIMENTAL DATA.

THE ATMOSPHERE AND THE UNDERLYING OCEAN ARE CLOSELY COUPLED. THE OCEAN PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN ESTABLISHING AND CHANGING THE EARTH’S CLIMATE. BOTH THE OCEAN AND THE ATMOSPHERE TRANSPORT ENERGY AND EXCHANGE IT WITH EACH OTHER AND THEIR DYNAMICS ARE COUPLED THROUGH EXCHANGE PROCESSES AT THEIR COMMON INTERFACE. THE MAIN GOAL OF THIS PAPER IS TO INVESTIGATE THE AIR-SEA INTERACTIONS ON INTERANNUAL AND DECADAL TIME SCALE IN THE PERSIAN GULF.34 YEARS OF DATA (1967-200) ARE USED TO INVESTIGATE AIR-SEA INTERACTION IN THE PERSIAN GULF. AN EMPIRICAL ORTHOGONAL FUNCTION (EOF) AND SINGULAR VALUE DECOMPOSITION (SVD) ANALYSIS ARE APPLIED TO DETERMINE THE COUPLED MODES OF VARIABILITY OF MONTHLY SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE (SST) AND SEA LEVEL PRESSURE (SLP). WE FIND THAT THE THE FOUR LEADING EOF PATTERNS OF SST ARE FOUND. THESE MODES TOGETHER ACCOUNT FOR 99, 8% OF THE TOTAL MONTHLY SST VARIANCE. INDIVIDUALLY THEY EXPLAIN 90, 9%, 7, 5%, 1% AND 0, 4% OF THE VARIANCE. ACCORDING TO THE NORTH EL AL. (1982), THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE FORTH AND FIFTH EIGENVALUE IS COMPARABLE TO THE MAGNITUDE OF THE SAMPLING ERRORS, WHICH MEANS THAT THE ERROR IN THE EOFS IS COMPARABLE TO THE SIZE OF THE EOFS THEMSELVES. THE TEMPORAL VARIABILITY OF EACH EOF, OBTAINED BY THE EXPANSION COEFFICIENT OF SPATIAL PATTERNS.EOF1 EXHIBITS A GENERALLY SOUTHEAST-NORTHWEST GRADIENT OVER THE ENTIRE REGION. THIS MODE ACCOUNTS FOR UP TO 90, 9% OF THE VARIANCE. THIS IS DUE TO THE PRINCIPAL FEATURES OF THE LONG TIME PERSIAN GULF CIRCULATION DRIVEN BY THE OMAN SEA WATERS THROUGH THE STRAIT OF HORMUZ ALONG THE IRANIAN COASTS. THIS CYCLONIC GYRE BEFORE TURNING AROUND THE CENTRAL GULF BASIN FORMS A SECOND CYCLONIC GYRE. THE FRONT WHICH SEPARATE THESE GYRES IS DENOTED BY THE ZERO CONTOUR IN THE EOF1 ISOTHERMS.EOF2 DISPLAYS A MONOPOLE PATTERN LOCATING IN THE CENTRAL BASIN OF THE GULF AND EXTENDING OVER THE MIDDLE PORTION OF THE GULF. BY AND LARGE, THE SECOND EOF RESEMBLES WEST AND EAST OF THIS MONOPOLE A COPY OF THE MERIDIONAL ISOTHERM PATTERN OF THE FIRST EOF.THE THIRD EOF IS MAINLY ASSOCIATED WITH NORTH-SOUTH GRADIENT AND ISOTHERMS EXTEND ZONALLY. THIS MODE EXPLAINS 1% OF THE VARIANCE. THE FORTH EOF SHOWS A DIPOLE LIKE STRUCTURE WITH ONE POLE CENTERED AROUND THE FRONT SEPARATED THE GYRES. THIS MODE ACCOUNT FOR 0, 4% OF THE VARIANCE AND IT IS NOT SIGNIFICANT.THE TIME SERIES OF EOFS ARE OBTAINED AND CHARACTERIZED BY A DIFFERENT TIME VARIABILITY. THE FOUR SPATIAL PATTERNS OF EOFS FOR SP FIELDS WHICH ACCOUNT FOR 94, 36% OF THE TOTAL VARIANCE ARE CALCULATED AS WELL.EOF1 HAS NORTHEASTWARD GRADIENT, WHICH IS IN THE DIRECTION OF SHOMAL WIND (NORTHWESTERLY). THIS MODE ACCOUNT FOR 53, 0% OF THE VARIANCE. THE SECOND EOF OF SLP HAS A STRUCTURE WHICH IS RELATED TO WEST-EAST CHANGES IN THE DIRECTION OF THE PRESSURE GRADIENT. A MONOPOLE STRUCTURE CAN BE SEEN IN THE EOF3 CENTERED IN THE NORTH HEAD OF THE GULF.

ONE OF APPLICATIONS OF REINFORCED EARTH IS IN MARINE WORKS. IN THIS APPLICATION A REINFORCED SOIL WALL MAY BE USED AS A QUAY WALL, WHARF STRUCTURE OR A SEAWALL TO PROTECT THE COASTLINE AGAINST WAVE ACTION. WHEN A REINFORCED SOIL WALL IS USED AS A SEAWALL, IT MUST BE DESIGNED TO WITHSTAND AGAINST THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT. CHANGING WATER LEVEL IN FRONT OF THE WALL IS ONE OF MARINE PARAMETERS, WHICH COULD AFFECT THE STABILITY OF THE STRUCTURE. THIS PAPER EVALUATES THE EFFECTS OF CHANGING WATER LEVEL ESPECIALLY SATURATION AND RAPID DRAW DOWN ON STABILITY FACTORS OF REINFORCED SOIL MARINE WALL. FOR THIS PURPOSE A MODEL WALL WAS SUBJECTED TO DIFFERENT CASES OF CHANGING WATER LEVEL AND THE AMOUNT OF SAFETY FACTORS OF THE WALL WERE COMPUTED BY A COMPUTER PROGRAM DEVELOPED BY THE AUTHOR. THE STUDY SHOWS THAT THE RAPID DRAW DOWN OF WATER TABLE FROM TOP OF THE WALL CAN INCREASE THE TENSILE FORCE IN THE REINFORCEMENT BY THREE TIMES, WHICH INHERENTLY DECREASES THE SAFETY FACTOR OF THE STRUCTURE.

IN SHAHID BEHESHTI PORT, BERTH IS A MAIN PART OF PORT DEVELOPMENT PROJECT. IN ADDITION, BERTH DURABILITY HAS AN IMPORTANT ROLE OF PORT OPERATIONS IN THE LONG-TERM, BECAUSE MAINTENANCE PROCESS WILL HAVE NEGATIVE IMPACT ON BERTH PRODUCTIVITY. IT IS, THEREFORE, VITAL TO SELECT AN ACCURATE, EFFICIENT SYSTEM FOR A BERTH. THIS ARTICLE SEEKS TO PROVIDE A SOLUTION THAT HELPS US TO CHOOSE THE BEST OPTIONS AND PROCESSES FOR SHAHID BEHESHTI PORT. FOR THIS PURPOSE, A SUMMARY REPORT IS GIVEN ON THE WORKS ALREADY CONDUCTED TO DESIGN THE FIRST PHASE OF CONTAINER BERTH. FINALLY, USING OBTAINED RESULTS, IT IS CONFIRMED THAT THE BEST METHOD IS SELECTED FOR SHAHID BEHESHTI PORT. IT SHOULD MENTIONED THAT THIS ARTICLE IS NOT CONCERNED WITH THE METHODS BY WHICH BERTH IS DESIGNED; INSTEAD IT DEALS WITH HOW ITEMS AND PROCESSES MUST BE SELECTED IN ORDER TO ENSURE THAT THE BEST SELECTION HAS BEEN MADE.

IN THIS PAPER, A REVIEW ON PROBABILISTIC METHOD FOR JACKET TYPE OFFSHORE PLATFORMS ANALYSIS SUBJECTED TO WAVE LOADING WAS PERFORMED. ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE CAPACITY OF JACKET TYPE OFFSHORE PLATFORMS USING STATIC PUSHOVER ANALYSIS WAS PERFORMED AND A REVIEW ON PARAMETER AFFECTED ULS WAS DONE. THE RESULTS OF THE PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF SAMPLE JACKET TYPE OFFSHORE PLATFORMS SUBJECTED TO DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTAL LOAD WERE COMPARED. THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE RESULTS OF THE PUSHOVER ANALYSIS ARE LINKED TO THE UNCERTAINTY PARAMETERS.

THIS PAPER DESCRIBES THE COASTAL SHORELINE MODELING STUDY PERFORMED, USING A ONE-LINE TYPE OF MODEL, FOR THE IRANIAN PORTS AND SHIPPING ORGANIZATION (PSO), TO INVESTIGATE THE CAUSES AND ALTERNATIVE REMEDIES TO COUNTER THE INCREASINGLY RAPID COASTAL EROSION EXPERIENCED NEARBY THE AMIRABAD COMMERCIAL PORT, LOCATED BY THE SOUTH-EASTERN SHORES OF THE CASPIAN SEA. THROUGH THIS PILOT PROJECT, IT IS INTENDED TO BOLSTER THE APPLICATION OF THIS KIND OF MODELS IN IRAN WHEN PLANNING NEW COASTAL AND PORTS STRUCTURES WITH THE AIM OF INVESTIGATING AND MITIGATING THE REPERCUSSIONS ON ADJACENT SITES. THE MODELING RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT THE UP-DRIFT COASTAL STRUCTURES INDEED BLOCK THE LITTORAL DRIFT CAUSING INCREASED EROSION DOWN-DRIFT, WESTWARDS OF THE AMIRABAD PORT WHICH WAS REMEDIED BY DESIGN OF A LONG-SHORE COASTAL PROTECTION AFTER MODELING VARIOUS COASTAL PROTECTION SCENARIOS.

UTILIZATION OF SUBMERGED STRUCTURES AT SEA AS THE BREAKWATER HAS DRAWN MUCH ATTENTION IN COASTAL ENGINEERING AND PORT AFFAIRS. BY MEANS OF SUCH BREAKWATERS, SEA WATER CAN EASILY POURS INTO THE WATER OF THE BASINS AT THE BACK OF BREAKWATER AND THIS MIXTURE PREVENTS THE FORMATION OF A LOCKED BASIN WHICH STOPS NORMAL CYCLE OF WATER. FURTHERMORE, THIS BREAKWATER IS AN IDEAL SOLUTION TO STOP EROSION IN SHORELINES THAT ALSO FUNCTION FOR TOURISM TARGETS. NORMALLY, WHEN WATER DEPTH STARTS TO INCREASE, BREAKWATERS’ CROSS SECTION INCREASES REMARKABLY WHICH, IN TURN, INCREASES COSTS. THEREFORE, SOLUTIONS MUST HELP TO DESIGN A CROSS-SECTION FOR BREAKWATERS THAT CAN ACT EFFICIENTLY AND SAVE ENERGY AND COST. THIS ARTICLE AIMS TO CONDUCT A STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF BREAKWATER POROSITY. ALSO, BOUNDARY CONDITIONS AND CERTAIN OTHER PARAMETERS ARE GOING TO BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT. IN OTHER WORDS, THIS ARTICLE SEEKS TO INTRODUCE A SMALLER CROSS-SECTION FOR SUBMERGED BREAKWATERS IN ORDER TO NOT ONLY REDUCE LIKELY COSTS BUT ALSO IMPROVE BREAKWATER’S EFFICIENCY.

EARTHQUAKE IS ONE OF THE MOST DESTRUCTIVE PHENOMENA IN NATURE. IRAN COUNTRY IS LOCATED ON THE HIGH RISK ZONE OF WORLD EARTHQUAKE CHAIN RESULTING TO SERIOUS DILEMMA IN EVERY FEW YEARS. THE NUMBER OF SERIOUS EARTHQUAKES IN COASTAL AREA OF OUR COUNTRY IN LAST FEW YEARS HAS BEEN CONSIDERABLE (E.G. OCCURRENCE OF EARTHQUAKE IN BANDARABBAS, GHESHM ILAND, ETC. IN 2005 AND 2006). INCLINED PILE PERFORMANCE AGAINST LATERAL LOADING IS MUCH BETTER THAN VERTICAL ONES. HOWEVER THEIR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION ARE DIFFICULT. THEREFORE THE VERTICAL MARINE PILES ARE MORE COMMON STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS TO HANDLE AND CONDUCT DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTAL LOADINGS THROUGH DEEP SEA BED LEVEL WHERE THE SOIL PROVIDES ENOUGH STRENGTH AS A SAFE FOUNDATION. IN THIS STUDY THE NONLINEAR BEHAVIOR OF VERTICAL MARINE PILES UNDER EARTHQUAKES HAS BEEN INVESTIGATED, STRUCTURE AND SOIL HAS BEEN MODELED USING PLAXIS SOFTWARE. THE SOIL CHARACTERISTICS SUCH AS  J AND C WAS OBTAINED BY IN-SITU FIELD STUDY IN COASTAL AREA OF BANDARABBAS. RUNNING MODEL FOR A CRITICAL CONDITION OF LATERAL AND VERTICAL DYNAMIC LOADING FOR A SET OF SAMPLE MARINE PILES TIME HISTORY OF PILE DISPLACEMENT WAS OBTAINED. THE DECREASING RATE OF SHEAR STRESS COEFFICIENT RESPECT TO BED DEPTH WAS GRAPHICALLY PRESENTED. THE RESULTS SHOWED PROMISING FOR OPTIMUM AND RELIABLE PILE DESIGN OF HARBORS AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES NOT ONLY IN THE VICINITY OF THE STUDY AREA, BUT ALSO FOR A WIDE RANGE OF THE COASTAL ZONE OF SOUTHERN PART OF IRAN.

IN AREAS WHERE UNDERGROUND SOIL AND WATERS MAY CONTAIN HIGH AMOUNTS OF SULFATES OR IN PLACES WHERE STRUCTURES HAVE BEEN CONSTRUCTED IN OFFSHORE SITES, CONCRETE MUST BE DESIGNED IN A WAY THAT CAN PERSIST AGAINST SULFATE INVASIONS. SULFATE SALTS, WHEN ARE IN SOLID PHASE, ARE UNLIKELY TO BE ABLE TO DAMAGE CONCRETE. HOWEVER, WHEN THEY TURN INTO SOLUBLE PHASE, THEY REACT WITH THE CALCIUM HYDROXIDE, CALCIUM ALUMINATES AND SILICA HYDRATE WHICH ARE CREATED THROUGH CEMENT HYDRATION PROCESS. THIS REACTION CAN RESULT IN DESTRUCTION OF CONCRETE. THIS ARTICLE EVALUATES SIX DIFFERENT CONCRETE COMPOUNDS WHICH VARIED WITH CEMENT MATERIALS IN TERMS OF THE SORT OF ADDITIVES USED IN THEM. SAMPLES OF SUCH CONCRETES WERE PUT EXPOSED TO AMMONIUM SULFATE DURING ROUTINE CYCLES AND THEN A COMPARISON WAS MADE BETWEEN THEM. RESULT SHOWED THAT THE CONCRETE WHOSE CEMENT CONTAINED LAVA ASHES HAD A WORSE PERFORMANCE IN COMPARISON TO CONVENTIONAL CEMENT. ALSO, ADDITION OF SILICON FUME AND CRYSTALS FOR THE PURPOSE OF SEALING, CONTRIBUTED REMARKABLY IN IMPROVING PERSISTENCE TO AMMONIUM SULFATE INVASIONS. THIS ARTICLE HELPS TO UNVEIL SOLUTIONS FOR ENSURING CONCRETE PERSISTENCE IN SUCH CIRCUMSTANCES.

THE ASSUMPTION OF CLASSICAL TECHNOLOGY SELECTION MODELS IS BASED ON COMPLETE HOMOGENEITY OF TECHNOLOGIES. IN SPITE OF THIS ASSUMPTION IN MANY APPLICATIONS SOME TECHNOLOGIES DO NOT COMPREHENSIVELY CONSUME COMMON INPUTS TO COMPREHENSIVELY SUPPLY COMMON OUTPUTS. THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS PAPER IS TO PROPOSE A DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS (DEA) MODEL FOR SELECTING SLIGHTLY NON-HOMOGENEOUS TECHNOLOGIES. A NUMERICAL EXAMPLE DEMONSTRATES THE APPLICATION OF THE PROPOSED METHOD.

AN EXISTING PLATFORM SHOULD UNDERGO THE ASSESSMENT PROCESS IF ONE OR MORE OF THE FOLLOWING CONDITIONS EXIST: 1) ADDITION OF PERSONNEL 2) INCREASED LOADING ON STRUCTURE 3) DAMAGE FOUND DURING INSPECTION AND ETC.A STRUCTURE SHOULD BE EVALUATED BASED ON ITS CURRENT STATUS, ACCOUNTING FOR ANY DAMAGE, REPAIR, OR OTHER FACTORS AFFECTING ITS PERFORMANCE. ANALYSES CONSIST OF BOTH DESIGN LEVEL ANALYSIS AND ULTIMATE STRENGTH ANALYSIS. THE LATTER IS MORE DESIRED AND COMMON IN OFFSHORE WORK. PUSH-OVER AND NONLINEAR TIME-DOMAIN ANALYSIS METHODS ARE ACCEPTABLE IN ULTIMATE STRENGTH ANALYSIS. THE MAIN RESULT OF SUCH ANALYSIS IS RESERVE STRENGTH RATIO (RSR). ACCEPTANCE OR REJECTION OF STRUCTURE FITNESS IS DEPENDANT ON THIS RATIO. IN CONVENTIONAL PUSHOVER ANALYSIS, WAVE DYNAMIC LOADING IS SIMULATED BY EQUIVALENT QUASI STATIC LOAD AND DYNAMIC AFFECTS SUCH AS ADDED MASS, DAMPING AND INERTIAL FORCE ARE NEGLECTED. HOWEVER, IN TIMEDOMAIN ANALYSIS, DYNAMIC EFFECTS ARE CONSIDERED AND SUBSEQUENTLY ULTIMATE STRENGTH CAN BE ESTIMATED BETTER WITH MORE PRECISION.IN THIS CURRENT STUDY, TWO PLATFORMS WERE SELECTED FOR CASE STUDY ANALYSIS. PUSH-OVER ANALYSES AND NONLINEAR DYNAMIC ANALYSES WERE APPLIED TO BOTH PLATFORMS AND THE RELEVANT RESULTS WERE COMPARED TO EACH OTHER. "ABAQUS" SOFTWARE WAS USED FOR MODELING AND ANALYSIS. PILE-SOIL INTERACTION IS MODELED BY NONLINEAR SPRINGS AND IN THE MEANTIME ANALYSES TOOK INTO ACCOUNT THE EFFECT OF LARGE DISPLACEMENT, PLASTICITY AND STRAIN HARDENING, AS WELL. IN THE COURSE OF LIMITED INVESTIGATION, IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT IN NONLINEAR DYNAMIC ANALYSIS, RESERVE STRENGTH OF JACKET STRUCTURES WAS ESTIMATED TO BE HIGHER THAN THAT OF STATIC PUSH-OVER AND THAT STRUCTURES CAN BEAR MORE PARTIAL FAILURE BEFORE GLOBAL FAILURE.

THE BOTTOM SEDIMENTS COLLECTED IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE CASPIAN SEA ARE ANALYZED FOR SOME NATURAL AND MAN-MADE RADIONUCLIDES. THE VERTICAL PROFILES OF RADIONUCLIDES VARY SIGNIFICANTLY FOR SAMPLES COLLECTED IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE CASPIAN SEA. THE 210 PB AGE-DATING WAS PERFORMED FOR SEVERAL SEDIMENT CORE SAMPLES TOGETHER WITH DETERMINATION OF PLUTONIUM ISOTOPE RATIOS THAT GAVE THE INDICATION OF THE ORIGIN OF THE RADIONUCLIDES.BOTTOM SEDIMENTS ARE SCAVENGERS FOR SOME URANIUM AND THORIUM CHAIN RADIONUCLIDES, MAN-MADE RADIONUCLIDES AND OTHER POLLUTANTS. HISTORICAL DEPOSITION RECORDS COULD BE BUILD UP USING THE RADIONUCLIDE ACTIVITIES IN THE BOTTOM SEDIMENTS. THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE OF NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL RADIONUCLIDES IN THE VERTICAL PROFILES OF BOTTOM SEDIMENTS COLLECTED IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE CASPIAN SEA IS PRESENTED IN THIS REVIEW. THE ATMOSPHERIC NUCLEAR TESTS IN 50-60SS AND ACCIDENT AT THE CHERNOBYL NPP (1986) ARE THE MAIN SOURCES OF MAN-MADE RADIONUCLIDE CONTAMINATION OF THE CASPIAN SEA. THE POSSIBILITY OF SOME IMPACT BY THE CONTEMPORARY NUCLEAR ACTIVITIES OF EUROPEAN COUNTRIES IS POSSIBLE AS WELL. THE SEDIMENT CORES WERE COLLECTED IN THE ANZALI REGION.THE 210 PB AGE-DATING AND 238PU/239, 240PU, 241PU/239, 240 PU RATIOS WERE USED TO DETERMINE THE SEDIMENTATION RATES AND ORIGIN OF THE MAN-MADE RADIONUCLIDES.

WAVE CHARACTERISTICS ARE ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTORS IN DESIGN OF COASTAL AND MARINE STRUCTURES. THEREFORE ACCURATE PREDICTION OF WAVE PARAMETERS IS VERY IMPORTANT. THE WAVE HIND CASTING PROCESS IS CONDUCTED BY FIELD MEASUREMENTS, EMPIRICAL METHODS OR NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS. IN THIS PAPER THE SWAN THIRD-GENERATION SPECTRAL MODEL AND SPM (SHORE PROTECTION MANUAL) EMPIRICAL METHOD HAVE BEEN USED FOR PREDICTION OF WAVE PARAMETERS. THE FIELD DATA SET FOR LAKE ERIE OF THE GREAT LAKES IN YEAR 2002 HAS BEEN USED FOR EVALUATION OF THESE METHODS. THE SIGNIFICANT WAVE HEIGHT (HS) AND THE PEAK WAVE PERIOD (TP) WERE THE PARAMETERS EMPLOYED IN THE STUDY. RECTANGULAR GRIDS HAVE BEEN UTILIZED FOR IDENTIFICATION OF BATHYMETRY AND THE SWAN HAS BEEN EXECUTED IN NONSTATIONARY MODE. THE EXPONENTIAL GROWTH FROM WIND INPUT, FOUR-WAVE NONLINEAR INTERACTION, WHITE CAPPING, AND BOTTOM FRICTION HAVE BEEN TAKEN IN THE SIMULATION. THE CALIBRATION OF SWAN WAS CARRIED OUT BASED ON WAVE HEIGHT BECAUSE IT IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN WAVE PERIOD. THE RESULTS OF THIS STUDY SHOW THAT THE AVERAGE SCATTER INDEX OF SWAN IS ABOUT 17 PERCENT FOR SIGNIFICANT WAVE HEIGHT AND 19 PERCENT FOR PEAK PERIOD, WHEREAS AVERAGE SCATTER INDEX OF SPM METHOD IS ABOUT 54 AND 36 PERCENT FOR SIGNIFICANT WAVE HEIGHT AND PEAK PERIOD.

AFTER LAUNCHING THE FIRST SATELLITE BY NASA (IN 1972) PROVIDED, IT BECAME POSSIBLE TO UTILIZE METHODS THAT ALLOWED REMOTE ASSESSMENT IN WATERSHED. TODAY, REMOTE ASSESSMENT IS CONSIDERED AS AN IMPORTANT METHOD FOR DATA COLLECTION. IF WE WANT TO HAVE RELIABLE DATA ABOUT WATERSHEDS, WE MUST INEVITABLY USE REMOTE ASSESSMENT FACILITIES. REMOTE ASSESSMENT IS CURRENTLY DEEMED AS AN IMPORTANT INFORMATION SOURCE. HOWEVER, THE IMAGES THAT HAVE BEEN OBTAINED FROM SATELLITE MAY HAVE ERRORS DUE TO IMPROPER CLIMATE CONDITIONS, DETECTORS MALFUNCTION, GAUGES ETC. SUCH OBSTACLES SOMETIMES CAUSE ERRORS IN ASSESSMENTS AS WELL. SOME AUTHORS MAY IGNORE SUCH ERRORS IN THEIR STUDIES WHICH RENDERS THEIR OUTCOME INACCURATE. THIS INACCURACY MAY AMOUNT TO 70 PERCENT IN SOME CASES WHICH MAKES THE SYSTEM UNRELIABLE AND INEFFICIENT. SO THIS ARTICLE TRIES TO ASSESS FACTORS RESULT IN SUCH ERRORS AS WELL AS THE CAUSES OF SUCH ERRORS.

THE EFFECT OF SEA WAVE IS A VERY IMPORTANT ISSUE IN COASTAL ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS. WAVES ARE GREAT FACTORS IN DETERMINING THE GEOMETRICAL SHAPES OF COASTAL ZONES. THE FIRST STEP IN DESIGNING A COASTAL STRUCTURE IS DETERMINING WAVE PATTERN. SINCE WAVES PARAMETERS MAY NOT BE ACCESSIBLE EVERYWHERE, IT IS NECESSARY THAT CERTAIN NUMERICAL MODELS TO BE USED IN ORDER TO SIMULATE THE PROPERTIES OF WAVES. FOR THIS PURPOSE, WAM AND MIKE21 MODELS WERE USED. TOPOGRAPHIC DATA OF CASPIAN SEA BED WERE DETERMINED USING MIKE 21 MODEL. SINCE CASPIAN SEA IS VAST ENOUGH TO BE STUDIED ONLY THROUGH THE WIND OF ONE SINGLE STATION (ANZALI PORT), THE EFFECTS OF STRONG WINDS WERE IGNORED. THIS ARTICLE STUDIES THE EFFICIENCY AND APPLICABILITY OF THESE TWO MODELS IN SIMULATION OF THE WAVES OF CASPIAN SEA. IN THIS RESPECT, THE HEIGHT OF THE LONGEST WAVE WAS ESTIMATED IN THE ANZALI PORT REGION. THEN THE RESULTS WERE COMPARED WITH THE REAL DATA OBTAINED FROM THE SHIPS. THE COMPARISON SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION BETWEEN THE RESULTS OF THESE MODELS FOR A PERIOD OF 17 DAYS. IN MANY OCCASIONS, THE RESULTS OF THESE TWO MODELS WERE SIMILAR TO THE ESTIMATIONS.

THE SUBSEA INDUSTRY IS HAVING TO FACE INCREASINGLY MORE CHALLENGES TO DEVELOP HYDROCARBON RESERVES IN THE MARGINAL AND MORE IN ACCESSIBLE FIELDS AROUND THE WORLD. THESE CHALLENGES INCLUDE THOSE ASSOCIATED WITH DEEP WATER, HIGH PRESSURE/ HIGH TEMPERATURE, AGGRESSIVE ENVIRONMENTS AND ECONOMIC RESTRICTIONS. ALL OF THESE PUT INCREASING DEMAND ON THE ACHIEVEMENT AND IMPROVEMENT OF RELIABILITY AT EVERY STAGE OF THE SYSTEM LIFE CYCLE. THE RELIABILITY DEPENDS STRICTLY ON THE DESIGN RULES AND THE ASSOCIATED PARAMETERS THAT HAVE BEEN USED IN SYSTEM DESIGN. SO THE EVALUATION OF RELIABILITY REQUIRES AN UNDERSTANDING OF DESIGN METHODOLOGIES AND WHAT DESIGN PARAMETERS CAN CAUSE AND INCREASE UNRELIABILITY IN A DESIGNED SYSTEM. THIS STUDY PROVIDES A COMPARISON OF DNV AND API DESIGN METHODOLOGIES FOR SUBSEA PIPELINES AND DISCUSSES THE RULES AND PARAMETERS FOR DESIGNING SUBSEA PIPELINE BY EACH METHOD. RELIABILITY OF BOTH DNV AND API DESIGNED SUBSEA SYSTEM IS EVALUATED USING CORRESPONDING LIMIT STATE EQUATIONS. THE RESULTS THAT HAVE BEEN ACHIEVED ARE APPLIED TO A REALISTIC MODEL AND SUGGESTIONS ARE MADE FOR A MORE RELIABLE METHOD.

PILED FOUNDATIONS WITH LARGE DIAMETERS ARE USUALLY USED FOR PLATFORM FOUNDATIONS AND OTHER OFFSHORE STRUCTURES. IN THESE SITUATIONS, PILES ARE NORMALLY DRIVEN INTO THE GROUND. THIS PAPER CONTRIBUTES TO INVESTIGATE THE FEASIBILITY OF BOTTOM HAMMERING INSTEAD OF TRADITIONAL TOP HAMMERING. TO THIS AIM, PLAXIS 7.2 SOFTWARE IS USED TO SIMULATE THE PILE DRIVING PHENOMENON. THE LARGE DIAMETER PILE IS ASSUMED TO BE MADE OF STEEL. THE PILE MATERIAL IS ASSUME TO BE LINEAR, ELASTIC, AND OF CIRCULAR CROSS SECTIONAL AREA. THE SOIL BEHAVIOR IS ASSUMED TO BE ELASTO-PLASTIC AND ITS FAILURE IS CONTROLLED BY THE MOHR- COULOMB FAILURE CRITERION. THE PILE IS DRIVEN TO THE GROUND UNDER THE SAME RELEASED ENERGY EITHER BY TOP OR BOTTOM HAMMERING. THE RESULTS ON DRIVING STRESSES AND SETS WILL BE PRESENTED.