CONFERENCE ON PROCESS, OIL, GAS, REFINING AND AND PETROCHEMICAL ENGINEERING | Year:2014 | دوره:2 |Papers Count:13

THIS WORK AIMS TO PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW OF EFFECT OF PH ON LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION OF VANADIUM. WE KNOW THAT THE NATURE OF SPECIES FORMED DEPENDS ON PH, OXIDATION STATE AND CONCENTRATION OF THE METAL AND LIGANDS IN THE SOLUTION.BY CHANGING THE PH OF THE AQUEOUS PHASE IN A LIQUID/LIQUID EXTRACTION, THE DISTRIBUTION COEFFICIENT IS DRASTICALLY CHANGED, THUS PULLING MOLECULES INTO EITHER AN ORGANIC LAYER OR AQUEOUS LAYER AT WILL [15]. THEREFORE, A COMPARISON OF SOME EXTRACTANTS SUCH AS D2HPA, CYANEX 272, PC-88A, TR-83, LIX 63, ALAMINE 336, ALIQUAT 336, TBP, ACETYLACETONE, KELEX 100 FOR THE SEPARATION OF MOLYBDENUM FROM VANADIUM AND THE SEPARATION OF MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM FROM OTHER METALS HAVE BEEN STUDIED IN THIS PAPER.

VERY STRONG PRESSURE PULSES OR SURGES, ALSO REFERRED TO AS WATER HAMMER; OFTEN OCCUR IN FLUID-CONDUCTING PIPES. A WATER HAMMER EVENT OR HYDRAULIC TRANSIENT RESULTS WHEN THE VELOCITY OF FLOW CHANGES IN A PIPELINE THAT CAN CAUSE EXTREME DAMAGE AND BURST IN PIPES. SO IT IS IMPORTANT TO ANALYSE WATER HAMMER PHENOMENON ACCURATELY IN PIPELINES. IN MANY CASES THE MAIN LIQUID TRANSMISSION LINE CONDUCTS THE FLUID FROM SEVERAL PLANTS WHICH FEED THE MAIN LINE IN DIFFERENT POINTS. IN SUCH CASES IF THE WATER HAMMER PHENOMENON OCCURS DUE TO THE VALVE CLOSURE OR PUMP FAILURE, THE AMOUNT OF PRESSURE PULSES THAT CREATED BY IT ARE COMPLICATE TO BE CALCULATED AND NEED A SIMPLIFICATION. SO THE MAIN OBJECTIVE OF THIS PAPER IS TO REPERESENT THE APPLICATION OF SUPERPOSITION PRINCIPLE IN WATER HAMMER ANALYSIS OF A MAIN PIPELINE WHICH IS FED WITH SEVERAL BRANCH PIPES. AFTER THE INTRODUCTION OF WATER HAMMER CONCEPT AND EQUATIONS IN THIS PAPER, THE SUPERPOSITION METHOD ARE EXPLAINED. IN THE LAST PART A CASE STUDY IN ONE OF IRANIAN OIL FIELDS IS PRESENTED IN DETAILS. THE RESULTS SHOW A NEAR ESTIMATION OF REAL RESULTS. SO THE PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION CAN BE AN ACCEPTABLE METHOD FOR WATER HAMMER ANALYSIS IN MULTIPLE BRANCHES PIPELINES.

THERE ARE SEVERAL THOUSAND HYDROCARBON FURNACES LOCATED IN WORLD REFINERIES AND PETROCHEMICAL PLANTS. IN GENERAL, THESE FURNACES VARY IN SIZE AND STYLE BUT EACH CONTAINS FIRED HEATING OR REACTION COILS MOST OFTEN OF A SERPENTINE CONFIGURATION COMMONLY CALLED FURNACE TUBES, WHICH TRANSPORT THE HYDROCARBON CHARGE STOCK BEING HEATED AND PROCESSED. DURING NORMAL OPERATION A SOLID CARBON MATERIAL, COMMONLY REFERRED TO AS COKE, IS FORMED ADJACENT TO THE INNER WALL OF THE TUBING. THE FORMATION, WHICH IS A RESULT OF CONTINUOUS HEATING OF THE ZERO VELOCITY FLUID LAYERS IMMEDIATELY ADJACENT TO THE FLUID BOUNDARY, GROWS IN THICKNESS IN A CONTINUOUS MANNER WITH TIME. EVENTUALLY, REMOVAL OF THE COKE DEPOSITS BECOMES NECESSARY DUE TO EXCESSIVE PRESSURE DROP ACROSS THE TUBES, REDUCED THROUGHPUT THROUGH THE TUBES, OR REDUCTION IN THERMAL EFFICIENCY BELOW SOME ALLOWABLE MINIMUM.UNDERSTANDING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE OIL FILM TEMPERATURE, HEAT FLUX, BULK OIL TEMPERATURE, MASS FLUX, AND OIL RESIDENCE TIME ALLOWS THE DESIGNER TO CHOOSE COST-EFFECTIVE SOLUTIONS TO MINIMIZE THE RATE OF COKING. SEVERAL METHODS FOR INTERNAL CLEANING OR DECOKING OF HYDROCARBON FURNACE TUBES ARE CURRENTLY EMPLOYED, THE MOST COMMON OF WHICH ARE MECHANICAL CLEANING, HYDRO BLASTING, AND STEAM-AIR DECOKING. BUT BY GOOD OPERATION LIKE SUITABLE REFLUX, INCREASING FLOW OF FLUID IN THE COILS AND MINIMIZING FLAME IMPINGEMENT CAN PROLONG RUN LENGTHS AND INCREASE THE PERIOD TIME BETWEEN DECOKING AND INCREASE RELIABILITY AND SAFE OPERATION OF FURNACES.

INTRODUCTION: BOEHMITE IS WIDELY USED FOR INDUSTRIES, SUCH AS ADSORBENTS, CATALYSTS, AND CATALYST SUPPORTS DUE TO THEIR UNIQUE PROPERTIES AND ALSO USED FOR BUILDING UNITS AND DIRECTING TEMPLATE IN THE PREPARATION OF CORE-SHELL RODS [1]. IN RECENT YEARS, VARIOUS MORPHOLOGIES OF BOEHMITE, SUCH AS NANOTUBES, NANOFIBERS, NANOBELTS, NANOWIRES AND FLOWERLIKE 3D NANO-ARCHITECTURES HAVE BEEN SYNTHESIZED THROUGH A VARIETY OF ROUTES [2]. IN THIS WORK, HYDROTHERMAL ROUTE WAS USED TO FABRICATE HIGH-QUALITY PURE BOEHMITE NANOPARTICLES AND NANOSTRUCTURES IN BASIC PH OF 10 AND 12 RESPECTIVELY.

FAMILIARITY WITH THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE AND PARAMETERS OF ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS HAS IMPORTANT AND CONSIDERABLE EFFECTS ON PREDICTION OF EFFICIENCY AND RETURN. ALTHOUGH THERE ARE SOME GUIDES FOR SELECTION OF GEOMETRIC AND INTERNAL PARAMETERS IN THE PREVIOUS RESEARCHES, BUT MOST OF NETWORKS HAVE BEEN CALIBRATED USING TEST AND TRIAL METHOD. THIS PAPER SHOWS USE OF GENETIC ALGORITHMS (GAS) FOR IMPROVEMENT OF BACK PROPAGATION NEURAL NETWORK (BPNN) WEIGHTS INCLUDING VARIOUS LAYERS. PREDICTION OF FUNCTIONAL EFFICIENCY OF ANN INTERNAL STRUCTURES IMPROVEMENT BY GA USING AN EXPERIMENTAL DATABASE PUBLISHED FROM CELL PERFORMANCE. AS SPECIFIED, ANN NETWORK IMPROVED BY GA HAD THE EFFICIENCY AND RETURN EXACTER THAN A NETWORK THEREIN ANN CALIBRATION HAS BEEN PERFORMED USING A TEST AND TRIAL METHOD.

NITROGEN OXIDES, NOX (NO+NO2), EMITTED WITH EXHAUST GASES DURING THE GASES DURING THE COMBUSTION OF FOSSIL FUELS OR BIOFUELSARE AMONG THE MAIN SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION. NOX ARE CONTRIBUTED TO A VARIETY OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS INCLUDING ACID RAIN, GROUND LEVEL ZONE (SMOG) AND VISIBILITY DEGRADATION. SELECTIVE CATALYTIC REDUCTION (SCR) OF NOX IS ONE OF THE MOST EFFICIENT AND ECONOMIC TECHNOLOGY FOR THE REMOVAL OF NOX BY USING REDUCING AGENTS SUCH AS CO, H2, NH3 AND HYDROCARBONS. AMMONIA WAS FOUND TO BE A SUITABLE REDUCTANT FOR NO IN THE PRESENCE OF OXYGEN, BECAUSE AMMONIA REACTS SELECTIVELY WITH NO TO PRODUCE N2.THE PRESENT STUDY DISCUSSES THE TESTING OF A MECHANISTIC KINETIC MODEL FOR THE SCR OF NOX TO DESCRIBE THE KINETICS OF V2O5/TIO2 CATALYSIS AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE AND A TEMPERATURE OF IN A PLUG FLOW REACTOR. A GOOD AGREEMENT BETWEEN EXPERIMENTAL AND MODEL RESULTS HAS BEEN OBTAINED. A HOMOGENEOUS MODEL CONSISTING OF MASS BALANCE EQUATIONS WAS SOLVED. THE RESULTS SHOW THAT NOX CONVERSION INCREASES WITH THE INCREASE IN THE OPERATION TEMPERATURE. HOWEVER, NO/NH3 DOES NOT CHANGE THE NOX CONVERSION.

TODAY, THE MAIN ISSUE OF CONCERN FOR THE SAFETY AND INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE, IDENTIFY AND ELIMINATE RISKS THAT THREATEN THE HEALTH AND LIVES OF WORKERS AND THE PUBLIC AND ALSO CAN DAMAGE TO TOOLS, ASSETS, EQUIPMENT AND PRODUCTS. WHEN THE RISK OF SUCH HAZARDS CANNOT BE COMPLETELY ELIMINATED (WHICH IS OFTEN THE SAME THING). THE EXPERT’S DUTY IS SAFETY THAT SUGGESTS RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CONTROL OF DANGER AND REDUCES THE RISK TO ACCEPTABLE LEVEL. THE MAIN GOAL OF RISK ASSESSMENT IS DETERMINE NECESSARY ACTIONS BY THE ORGANIZATION IN ORDER TO EQUALITY OF HEALTH AND SAFETY REGULATIONS SO THE RESULT IS REDUCTION OF INJURIES AND OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES. RISK ASSESSMENT HELPS EMPLOYERS TO OBEY THE HEALTH AND SAFETY REGULATIONS AND ALSO KEEP THEIR WORKFORCE. THE GOAL OF THIS PAPER IS LOOKING FOR ANSWERS TO THIS QUESTION WHICH ARE AFFECTING FACTORS ON RISK AND CRISIS IN OIL STORAGES AND WHAT IS THE IMPACT OF THESE FACTORS ON RISK AND CRISIS? ON THE OTHER HAND IDENTIFY AND PRIORITIZE RISK AND CRISIS INDEXES USING BY FAHP AND FMECA METHOD IN OIL STORAGE THAT THE RESULT IS LISTED BELOW.

PROCESS INTENSIFICATION (PI) IS AN ENGINEERING APPROACH TO IMPROVE PROCESSING EFFICIENCY AND REDUCING EQUIPMENT COSTS AND SIZE SIMULTANEOUSLY. THE PROCESSES INVOLVED WITH HIGH ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND RELATIVELY LOW EFFICIENCIES COULD BE SUBJECTED AS THE FIRST PRIORITY OF PROCESS INTENSIFICATION. SULFUR RECOVERY UNIT (SRU) IN PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS REFINERIES IS A SIDE-TREATMENT UNIT TO AVOID FLARING RICH-ACID GAS AND RECOVERY OF SULFUR COMPOUNDS AS THE ELEMENTAL FORM. HIGH ENERGY CONSUMPTION, AND LARGE EQUIPMENT CONSIDERATION, MAKES THE SRU PROCESS FEASIBLE FOR INTENSIFICATION. IN THIS PAPER APPLICABILITY AND TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY OF PROCESS INTENSIFICATION IS DISCUSSED FOR EACH OPERATION UNIT OF SRU SEPARATELY. THE WORKS DONE AND SIMILAR EXPERIENCES SHOW THAT THE INTENSIFIED SRU COULD HAVE AN IMPROVED FUNCTIONALITY WITH LOWER ENERGY CONSUMPTIONS AND HIGHER EFFICIENCIES.

COMPRESSIBILITY IS THE PARAMETER THAT QUANTIFIES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PRESSURE EXERTED ON A BODY AND THE RESULTING CHANGE IN ITS VOLUME. THE COMPRESSIBILITY OF A RESERVOIR AT DIFFERENT PRESSURES IS AN IMPORTANT PARAMETER AFFECTING RESERVE FORECASTS AND FIELD DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES. ALTHOUGH SEVERAL STUDIES HAVE BEEN PERFORMED ON PREDICTION OF PORE VOLUME COMPRESSIBILITY OF DIFFERENT ROCK TYPES BUT THE DEVELOPED CORRELATIONS ARE NOT ACCURATE ENOUGH AND SOME OF THESE CORRELATIONS ARE PRESENTED MAINLY IN GRAPHICAL FORM, THUS IT IS DIFFICULT TO USE THEM WITHIN GENERAL COMPUTER PACKAGES FOR SIMULATION AND DESIGN. ALSO THESE CORRELATIONS ARE BASED ON FOREIGN COUNTRY'S RESERVOIRS AND THIS PROVE THE NEED TO SET CORRELATIONS FOR IRANIAN RESERVOIRS. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCES NEURO-FUZZY INFERENCE SYSTEM (ANFIS), ARE POWERFUL TOOLS IN THE HAND OF PETROLEUM AND GAS ENGINEERS FOR PROPER AND PROFESSIONAL MANAGEMENT OF HYDROCARBON AS SETS. THE PURPOSE OF THIS PAPER IS TO PRESENT A COMPREHENSIVE NEURAL NETWORK MODEL FOR PREDICTING PORE VOLUME COMPRESSIBILITY. 33 EXPERIMENTAL DATA POINTS HAVE BEEN COLLECTED FROM 3 DIFFERENT TYPES OF SANDSTONE RESERVOIR ROCK FROM ONE OF IRANIAN OIL RESERVOIR. FOR DESIGNING THE NETWORKS, THE STANDARD FEED FORWARD BACK PROPAGATION ALGORITHM WAS USED. THE RESULTS SHOW GOOD ACCURACY OF THIS MODELING COMPARE TO HALL AND NEWMAN'S ANSWER FROM CORRELATION.

WE HAVE STUDIED THE ADSORPTION OF THE ISOTHERM OF PROPRANOLOL, ON MULTI NCARBON NANOTUBE. THE ADSORPTION EQUILIBRIUM ISOTHERMS WERE FITTED BY FREUNDLICH, LANGMUIR, AND TEMKIN MODELS. IT WAS FOUND THAT THE LANGMUIR MODEL DESCRIBED THE ADSORPTION PROCESS BETTER THAN OTHER TWO ISOTHERM MODELS. THE AMOUNT OF NSAIDS (PROPRANOLOL) ADSORBED ON CARBON NANOTUBE SURFACE INCREASED WITH THE INCREASE OF THE INITIAL NSAIDS CONCENTRATION.

IN THIS EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH THE ADSORPTION OF THE ISOTHERM OF FUROSMIDE IS STUDIED ON THE MULTI-WALL CARBON NANOTUBE WITH THE SPECTROPHOTOMETER. THE AMOUNT OF ADSORPTION IN VARIOUS CONCETERATIONS WAS CALCULATED AND ITS RELATED DIAGRAM WAS DRAWN. THE RESULT, WHICH WAS OBTAINED BY LANGMUIR, FREUNDLICH AND TEMKIN IN 296±2 K, COMPARED COEFFICIENT PARAMETERS SHOW THAT THE FREUNDLICH HAS THE MOST ACCORDANCE.

THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (EPA) HAS DEVELOPED RECENT LIMITATIONS REGARDING FUEL SPECIFICATIONS AND POLLUTANTS, WHICH REFINERS ARE REQUIRED TO FOLLOW. BASED ON MOBILE SOURCE AIR TOXICS (MSAT) II REGULATIONS, THE AVERAGE BENZENE CONTENT IN THE GASOLINE POOL SHOULD NOT EXCEED 0.62 VOL. % [1].DESIGNERS OF NEW REFINERIES ARE ABLE TO CONSIDER THE MENTIONED LIMITATIONS FROM THE BEGINNING. IN CONTRAST, EXISTING REFINERIES HAVE TO MODIFY THE OPERATING CONDITIONS OF EXISTING UNITS, OR IN THE EVENT OF FAILURE ADD NEW UNITS BY SPENDING HIGH EXPENSES, IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE MENTIONED ENVIRONMENTAL RESTRICTIONS.SINCE THE GASOLINE PRODUCTION PROCESSES DEPEND ON REFINERIES' CONFIGURATIONS, THE QUALITY OF THE FINAL GASOLINE POOL WOULD DEPEND ON THEIR RELEVANT PROCESS UNITS. IN SOME CASES, REFINERS HAVE TO INJECT OTHER IMPORTED MATERIALS AS OCTANE BOOSTER TO THE FINAL GASOLINE POOL IN ORDER TO OBTAIN THE DESIRED GASOLINE SPECIFICATIONS (E.G. RESEARCH OCTANE NUMBER (RON) AND BENZENE CONTENT).THIS ARTICLE ATTEMPTS TO INVESTIGATE A CONVENTIONAL CRUDE OIL REFINERY CHALLENGE FOR ACHIEVING BENZENE CONTENT AS PER MSAT II REGULATIONS FOR VARIOUS RESEARCH OCTANE NUMBERS.

A MATHEMATICAL MODEL WAS DEVELOPED FOR CONVENTIONAL PACKED BED EXTRACTION COLUMN OF MERCAPTAN REMOVAL FROM LIQUID PROPANE. THE CONVENTIONAL UNIT IS EXTRACTION COLUMN OF LPG SWEETENING UNIT OF SOUTH PARS GAS COMPLEX. EXTRACTION COLUMN IS FILLED WITH PALL RINGS STRUCTURED PACKING WHERE MERCAPTAN IS EXTRACTED FROM CONTINUOUS (ORGANIC) PHASE TO DISPERSED (AQUEOUS) PHASE ACCOMPANIED BY A CHEMICAL REACTION IN PROPANE/MERCAPTAN/CAUSTIC SYSTEM. MATHEMATICAL MODEL WAS COMPARED WITH EXPERIMENTAL DATA AND IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT THE SIMULATED MODEL CORRESPONDS TO EXPERIMENTAL DATA. THE DEVELOPED MODEL WAS ALSO COMPARED WITH A PULSED PACKED COLUMN AS A RESULT OF MORE MASS TRANSFER IN THIS CONFIGURATION. ALL IMPORTANT HYDRODYNAMIC PARAMETERS SUCH AS HOLD UP, FLOODING VELOCITY AND CONTINUOUS AND DISPERSED PHASES FLOW RATES WERE STUDIED TOGETHER WITH THE EFFECT OF CHEMICAL REACTION ON INCREASING MASS TRANSFER. MASS TRANSFER DEPENDS MAINLY ON CONTACT INTERFACIAL AREA BETWEEN CONTINUOUS AND DISPERSED PHASES WHICH INCREASES WITH DISPERSED PHASE HOLD UP AND LOWER DROPLETS SIZE. HOWEVER, HOLD UP INCREASES WITH PULSE INTENSITY IN PULSED COLUMN AND MORE MASS TRANSFER OF MERCAPTAN WILL OCCUR IN THIS CASE. IN THE BOTTOM OF COLUMN DRIVING FORCE FOR MASS TRANSFER IS LOW AND EFFECT OF REACTION WILL BECOME MORE IMPORTANT.