INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LITERATURE AND LINGUISTICS | Year:2017 | دوره:2 |Papers Count:15

THIS RESEARCH INCLUDED THE ACHIEVEMENT OF THE MEANING AND DEFINITION OF IMAGINATION AND RATIFICATION IN LOGIC, SYNTAX AND RHETORIC. IMAGINATION AND RATIFICATION ARE TWO LOGIC TERMS. THE FORMER REFERS TO THE PRESENCE OF A THING WITHOUT ANY JUDGMENT AND THE LETTER MEANS THE PRESENCE OF THE THING WITH JUDGMENT. THERE IS NO SPECIFIC TERM IN SYNTAX AND RHETORIC IN THIS FIELD. SO IF SYNTAX OR RHETORIC SCHOLARS APPLY THEM, THEY WHOLLY CONVEY THEIR LOGIC MEANING.AND THE RESEARCH ENDED BY THESE FOLLOWING RESULTS:1.THE APPLICATION OF THE TWO TERMS SYNTAX AND RATIFICATION IN THE SIXTH HIJRI CENTURY BY SAKAKI AFTER THE SEPARATION OF SCIENCES AND ARTS OF EACH OTHER, AND GENERALITY OF THE DIALECTICAL TENDENCY ON THE MIFTAH AL OLOUM, AND THE DOMINANCE OF MENTAL AND LOGICAL OUTLOOK ON IT.2. ANY RATIFICATION IS FOLLOWED BY AN IMAGINATION.3. RATIFICATION FREQUENTLY OCCURRED IN VERB PHRASES, WHILE IS LESS IN NOUN PHRASES, BECAUSE THE NEGATIVITY AND POSITIVITY IS RELATED TO THE MEANINGS AND EVENTS, WHICH ARE THE CONCEPTS OF THE VERBS AND NOT THE NOUNS.

COLORS HAVE A PROFOUND EFFECT ON LIFESTYLE AND MENTAL STATES, AND THEY HAVE A SYMBOLIC PLACE IN THE NATIONS. KHOSROW AND SHIRIN NEZAMI IS ONE OF THE MASTERPIECES OF IRANIAN ENCYCLOPEDIA, WHICH HAS BEEN USED BY THE NEZAMI TO OPEN THE DOOR WITH THE HELP OF A COLOR ELEMENT ON THE BEAUTY AND POETRY OF ITS POETRY. NEZAMI USE OF THE COLOR ELEMENT FOR THE DESCRIPTION OF NATURE, AS WELL AS THE CHARACTERIZATION OF THE INNER STATES OF THE CHARACTERS, IMPLIES CERTAIN MOTIVES. NEZAMI IN KHOSROW AND SHIRIN HAS 144 COLORS OF THESE COLORS, WHICH ARE BLACK, WHITE, YELLOW, RED, GREEN, AZURE. BLACK IS THE MOST WIDELY USED, LAZY, AND TRIUMPHANT. IN ADDITION TO DESCRIBING NATURE, NEZAMI HAS SHOWN A CHANGE IN THE VARIOUS STATES OF HUMAN BEINGS AND DIFFERENT SITUATIONS USING COLORS.

ALEXANDER KUPRIN (1870-1938) IN ONE OF THE WRITERS AND INTELLECTUALS OF THE LATE 19TH AND EARLY 20TH CENTURY. THE EPOCH IS EMBEDDED WITH MANY IMPORTANT EVENTS SUCH AS THE GRADUAL DECADENCE AND DOWNFALL OF THE GREAT RUSSIAN EMPIRE, WORLD WAR I, RUSSIAN REVOLUTION AND THE FOUNDATION OF THE SOVIET UNION. THESE EVENTS PLAY CRUCIAL A ROLE IN RUSSIAN HISTORY AND THE SOCIAL ISSUES RISING FROM THESE EVENTS ARE GREATLY MANIFESTED IN RUSSIAN LITERATURE. ALEXANDER KUPRIN REFLECTS SOCIAL AND HUMAN ISSUES OF HIS ERA WITH A CRITICAL LOOK IN HIS LITERARY WORKS. BASED ON THE FACTS MENTIONED, THIS STUDY INTENDS TO ANALYZE THE SOCIAL THEMES IN ONE OF KUPRIN’S GREAT SHORT NOVELS MOLOCH. IN THIS SHORT NOVEL, SOCIAL THEMES OF FREEDOM, HUMAN SUFFERING, ANTAGONISM TOWARDS MACHINERY AND MODERNITY, THE INFLUENCE OF EUROPEAN CULTURE, DISCORD AND HYPOCRISY, SELF-GUILT, RIOT AND REVULSION ARE PRESENTED. THIS STUDY ENDS WITH THE RESULT THAT IN THIS SHORT NOVEL, KUPRIN ATTEMPTS TO DEMONSTRATE A CORRUPT BOURGEOISIE SOCIETY BY SHOWING THE LIVING AND WORKING CONDITIONS OF SOME FACTORY WORKERS. TO DO SO, KUPRIN CRITICIZES THE CURRENTS PROBLEMS OF HIS SOCIETY AND PRESENTS THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL THEMES ON PEOPLE’S LIFE AND WORK. IMPORTANT AMONG THESE SOCIAL THEMES IN THIS SHORT NOVEL ARE HUMAN PAIN AND SUFFERING, DISCORD AND HYPOCRISY.

RESEARCH HAS DEMONSTRATED THE IMPORTANCE OF PRIOR KNOWLEDGE TO A RANGE OF SKILLS CONDUCIVE TO L2 TEXT-BASED LEARNING. AS EVIDENCED BY A NUMBER OF STUDIES CONDUCTED ON L2 LEXICAL INFERENCING, MANY KNOWLEDGE SOURCES AND STRATEGIES ARE USED IN GUESSING WORD MEANINGS FROM CONTEXT. THIS PAPER REVIEWS DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH ON THE ROLE OF PRIOR KNOWLEDGE (SCHEMATA) IN L2 LEXICAL INFERIENCING. THE REVIEW FOCUSES ON DEFINITION OF INFERENCING, LEXICAL INFERIENCING IN L2, GUESSING MEANING FROM CONTEXT, LEXIS DEVELOPMENT: THE IMPORTANCE OF CONTEXTUAL CLUES, COMMON TYPES OF CONTEXT CLUES AND AT THE END IT HAS CONCLUSION AS WELL.

TRADITIONALISM BASED ON A COMMON PATTERN GENERALLY DERIVED FROM FRENCH STRUCTURALISM IS BASED ON A PERSONALITY ANALYSIS AND ITS RELATION TO AN ACTION THAT OCCURS AROUND A VALUE OBJECT. THIS NARRATIVE ANALYSIS METHOD IS MERELY ONE OF THE APPROACHES TO NARRATIVE ANALYSIS, AND IT SEEMS THAT ATTENTION IS PAID TO THE WAY IN WHICH YOUR NARRATIVE IS FRAMED AND NARRATED, WHICH IS A SUFFICIENTLY INDEPENDENT, BUT INDEPENDENT NARRATIVE, ABOUT THE RICH STORIES OF PERSIAN LITERATURE, ESPECIALLY THE SUPERIOR PATTERN OF THIS STORYTELLING METHOD, KELLEH AND DEMNE, IS THE NAIL THAT NEEDS TO BE COVERED. THE STUDY OF THE STRUCTURE OF KELLY AND DAMN'S STORIES AND THE ATTENTION TO THE CHAIN OF EVENTS AND THE STUDY OF THE PRESENCE OF A HERO IN YOUR STORIES IN IT, WITH REGARD TO STRUCTURAL PATTERNS, IS SOMETHING THAT HAS BEEN NEGLECTED SO FAR. ONE OF THE ADVANTAGES OF THE STRUCTURALIST METHOD IS THAT IT ONLY ANALYZES AND EVALUATES. IN THIS RESEARCH, WE TRY TO USE A DESCRIPTIVE ANALYTICAL METHOD TO PRESENT THE TABLES OF THE CHARACTERS OF THE STORIES, THEIR ACTIONS, THEIR CHARACTER, THE CONFIGURATION AND NARRATIVE MOVEMENT. IT CAN ALWAYS BE SAID THAT THE HELPER, THE HELPER, THE FAILED, THE OPPRESSOR AND THE VICTIM OF THE RECURRING CHARACTERS OF CALLE AND DEMONAH, A HERO IN YOUR STORIES, ARE PRESENT IN YOU.

CHOOSING THE RIGHT PERSONALITY OR PERSONALITY, WITH ITS OWN ATTRIBUTES AND ABILITIES, IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT AND MEANINGFUL TECHNIQUES IN STORYTELLING. IN FACT, WE CAN SAY THAT STORY CHARACTERS ARE INTRODUCED IN A TEXT BY ASSIGNING INDIVIDUAL, SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND... ATTRIBUTES, AND IN THE COURSE OF ACTIONS AND REACTIONS, REFLECTING THEIR THOUGHTS, ASPIRATIONS AND UNSPOKEN ONES, THE CREATOR EFFECTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS. IN THIS NOVEL WE FACE ALL TYPES OF PERSONALITY SUCH AS MAIN, MINOR, STATIC, DYNAMIC, SIMPLE AND COMPREHENSIVE CHARACTERS, AND THIS VARIETY OF CHARACTERS HAS ATTRACTED THE NARRATIVE OF THIS WRITER. THEREFORE, DUE TO THE IMPORTANCE AND PLACE OF PERSONALITY IN THE STORY, THIS ARTICLE TRIES TO ANALYZE THE CHARACTERS OF THE NOVEL "QULUB LA TAMUT" BY CONTEMPORARY SYRIAN WRITER NUR MUAYYAD AL-JANDALI.

LIKUS ARE UNIQUE SINGLE-VERSE IN THE BALOCHISTAN ORAL AND ETHNIC LITERATURES WHICH ARE READ IN VARIOUS SUBJECTS, ESPECIALLY IN EXPRESSING THE PAIN AND THE SORROW AND THE MIGRATION WITH SONG AND WITHOUT SONGS. THEIR ORIGINAL SINGERS ARE NOT KNOWN CLEARLY AND EVERYONE CAN BE A SINGER BASED ON HIS OWN FEELING AND VERVE FOR A SPECIFIC ISSUE OF LIKU. IN THIS RESEARCH, 30 VERSES OF LIKU OF A TOTAL OF 120 REVIEWED VERSES HAVE BEEN SELECTED AND TRANSLATED AND TRANSLITERATED WITH THE HELP OF BALOCHI DIALECT PARTICULARLY. THE CONCEPTS AND IMPLICATIONS OF THE LIKUS WERE CHECKED OUT AND THEN CATEGORIZED INTO ITS SUBJECT CATEGORY. DIFFERENT THEMES IN BILINGUAL DIALECTS AND BIBLICAL DIALECTS, ALONG WITH PERSIAN TRANSLATIONS, CONTENT IMPLICATIONS AND OTHER TOPICS SUCH AS DIFFERENCE WITH THE ZAHIRUK AND KURDISH, THE CURRENT GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF THE LIKUS, THE RHYTHM AND SONG, THE SUBJECT, THE VOCABULARY, THE AUDIENCE, AND THE IMPACT OF THE LIKUS ON THE CULTURE OF BALOCHISTAN LITERATURE HAVE BEEN STUDIED.

EXTENSIVE READING IS DEFINED AS A READING THAT GENERALLY INVOLVES RAPID READING OF LARGE QUANTITIES OF MATERIAL OR LONGER READING FOR GENERAL UNDERSTANDING WITH THE FOCUS GENERALLY ON THE MEANING. IMPLICIT METHOD OF VOCABULARY LEARNING IS EXCEPTIONAL AT THIS REGARD, WHICH NECESSARILY ACCOMPANIES EXTENSIVE READING. IN INCIDENTAL LEARNING, PICK UP OF VOCABULARIES TAKES PLACE DURING EXTENSIVE READING, IN WHICH COMMUNICATION OF THE MEANING IS THE CENTRAL OBJECTIVE. AND PRESENCE OF REDUNDANT WORDS WHICH IS THE CHARACTERISTIC OF EXTENSIVE READING INCREASES THE PROBABILITY OF GUESSING THE MEANING OF UNKNOWN WORDS FROM THE CONTEXT. ACCORDINGLY, CONTROLLING THE NUMBER OF NEW WORDS THROUGH THE TEXT IS ANOTHER STRATEGY THAT AFFECTS THE GUESSING PROCESS. THEN EXTENSIVE READING WHICH IS AUTHENTIC, PLEASANT, INFORMATIVE AND AUTONOMOUS SHOULD BE ACCOUNTED AS A REMARKABLE SOURCE OF VOCABULARY AND PROBABLY LANGUAGE LEARNING.

ONE OF THE PROBLEMS DURING TRANSLATING A TEXT FROM ONE LANGUAGE TO ANOTHER IS TRANSLATING PROVERBS. FOR TRANSLATING PROVERBS THERE ARE DIFFERENT IDEAS. THIS PAPER HAS EXPLORED WAYS FOR TRANSLATING RUSSIAN PROVERBS TO PERSIAN ONES. GENERALLY. WHEN IT COMES TO TRANSLATING PROVERBS. IT DOESN’T MEAN LITERAL TRANSLATION OR CALQUE OF PROVERBS IN TARGET LANGUAGE. CONSIDERING THAT LITERAL TRANSLATION AND CALQUE SIGNIFICANTLY DESTROYS THE SENSE AND CONCEPT OF PROVERBS. TRANSLATING THEM MOSTLY MEANS FINDING THE ALTERNATIVE ONES IN TARGET LANGUAGE. THIS PAPER NOTED SIX WAYS OF TRANSLATING PROVERBS FROM RUSSIAN LANGUAGE TO PERSIAN:1) FINDING THE EXACT EQUIVALENTS THAT MOSTLY USES FOR HISTORICAL PROVERBS AND THOSE WHICH HAVE ADAPTED FROM HOLY BOOKS;2) FINDING ACCIDENTAL OR VARIABLE EQUIVALENT: THOSE PROVERBS THAT HAVE TWO OR SEVERAL EQUIVALENTS ARE INCLUDED IN THIS CATEGORY;3) FINDING APPROXIMATE EQUIVALENT: ACCORDING TO THIS METHOD. LEXICAL AND SYNTACTIC SORTING OF PROVERBS IN TARGET LANGUAGE DIFFERS FROM THE ORIGIN ONE;4) FINDING THE TEXTUAL EQUIVALENT. WHICH DEPENDS ON STYLE. TASTE AND LANGUAGE SKILLS OF TRANSLATOR;5) CALQUE. THAT TRANSFERS SPECIAL CONCEPTS FROM RUSSIAN LANGUAGE TO PERSIAN;6) EXPLAINING: IF THE MENTIONED METHODS DO NOT WORK. TRANSLATOR INEVITABLY USES THIS METHOD.

THIS PAPER AIMS TO EXPLORE HOW THE PHILOSOPHY OF MARXISM COINCIDES WITH THE PLOT OF SUZANNE COLLINS’S NOVEL, THE HUNGER GAMES. THIS BOOK PROVES THE THEORY MARX MAKES IN THE COMMUNIST MANIFESTO. IN THIS PAMPHLET, MARX MAINTAINS THAT THE CAPITALISTS, OR THE BOURGEOISIE, HAVE SUCCESSFULLY ENSLAVED THE WORKING CLASS, OR THE PROLETARIAT, THROUGH ECONOMIC POLICIES AND THE PRODUCTION OF GOODS. THE PROLETARIAT MUST REVOLT THE BOURGEOISIE OF ITS POWER AND PLACE THE OWNERSHIP OF ALL PROPERTY IN THE HANDS OF GOVERNMENT. IN THE BOOK, THE BOURGEOISIE IS REPRESENTED BY THE CAPITOL, AND THE PROLETARIAT BY THE VARIOUS DISTRICTS. THE DISTRICTS ARE STARVED, OPPRESSED AND MUST GIVE ALL GOODS TO THE CAPITOL. THEY ALSO HAVE LESS ACCESS TO TECHNOLOGY THAN THE CAPITOL. AT THE END WE SEE THAT THE PROTAGONIST, KATNISS EVERDEEN BECOMES THE FACE OF A REVOLUTION WHO LEADS TO OVERTHROW THEIR OPPRESSOR WHICH COINCIDES WITH MARXIST THINKING.

TRANSLATION CRITICISM OR TRANSLATION QUALITY ASSESSMENT IS LIFE-LONG TRANSLATION. IN FACT, THE DISCUSSION OF QUALITY AND HOW TO EVALUATE TRANSLATIONS HAS LONG BEEN A SERIOUS DISCUSSION. THE PRESENT RESEARCH, WHILE CONSIDERING THEORIES AND THEORIES OF TRANSLATION, HAS CRITICIZED THE PAGES OF THE TRANSLATION OF THE BOOK " ASDAE AL SYRAT AL ZATYAT " BY NAJIB MAHFOUZ. IN THIS RESEARCH, SOME OF THE TERMS AND SENTENCES OF THIS TRANSLATION HAVE BEEN COMPARED WITH THE ARABIC ONE, AND FROM TWO PERSPECTIVES, DIRECT AND INDIRECT TRANSLATION, AND THEIR VARIANTS HAVE BEEN STUDIED IN TERMS OF THE VINE AND THE FIELD. THE RESULTS SHOW THAT, DESPITE THE FACT THAT THE INTERPRETER HAS A CERTAIN DEGREE OF ELEGANCE IN SOME INTERPRETATIONS, HIS TRANSLATION HAS SLIPS WHICH CANNOT BE IGNORED. THEREFORE, IN THIS ARTICLE, WHILE ATTEMPTING TO REFER TO SOME OF THESE LANDSLIDES, BETTER TRANSLATION METHODS ARE PRESENTED ACCORDING TO THE PRINCIPLES OF LINGUISTICS AND THE FRAMEWORK AND SCIENTIFIC THEORIES.

MYTH AS A NEW STYLE IN POEM IMAGING WAS EMPLOYED AFTER LITERARY MOVEMENT AND ESTABLISHING A RELATIONSHIP WITH WESTERN CULTURE AND LITERATURE. CONTEMPORARY ARAB POETS, FOLLOWING WESTERN POETS, ALSO ADDED MYTH INTO THEIR CONTENTS. AMONG THEM, YOUSEF AL-KHAL, SYRIAN SURREALIST POET, HAS BEEN CLASSIFIED IN THE TAMMUZ POETS CATEGORY DUE TO THE DOMINANCE OF THE MYTH “TAMMUZ” IN THE MOST OF HIS WORKS. THE PRESENT PAPER'S AUTHOR HAS TRIED TO ANALYZE CONTENTS AND MYTHICAL CHARACTERS USED IN THE POET'S WORKS BY STUDYING SEVERAL ELEGIES FROM HIS POETICAL WORKS.

LEVINASIAN DESCRIPTION OF ETHICS HAS PROVIDED LITERARY CRITICS WITH A DIFFERENT INTERPRETIVE MECHANISM. KHALED HOSSEINI’S A THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS DRAWS ATTENTION TO THE ISSUE OF ETHICS IN AFGHAN SOCIETY, WHICH CAN BE SCRUTINIZED IN THE LIGHT OF THE LEVINASIAN ETHICS. VIOLENCE CONSTITUTES BOTH THE FOREGROUND AND BACKGROUND OF THIS NOVEL. FOR LEVINAS, THE ORIGIN OF VIOLENCE RESIDES IN AN INABILITY TO TOLERATE THE DIFFERENCE. HE ARTICULATES ITS FUNCTION IN DEFACING THE OTHER. LEVINAS INTRODUCES ETHICS AS A STRONG ANTITHESIS FOR VIOLENCE. REGARDING THE ETHICAL DIMENSION OF THE ENCOUNTER BETWEEN THE SELF AND THE OTHER IN LEVINAS' VIEWPOINT, THE PRESENT STUDY FOCUSES MOSTLY ON EXAMINING HOW VIOLENCE, ESPECIALLY DOMESTIC VIOLENCE, DOMINATES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CHARACTERS AND TO WHAT EXTENT THESE INTER-SUBJECTIVE RELATIONS FOLLOW LEVINAS' ACCOUNT OF THE ETHICAL CHARACTER OF SOCIAL EXISTENCE. FINDINGS CAN SHED LIGHT ON THE APPLICABILITY OF LEVINAS' THOUGHT TO THE REALM OF LITERARY CRITICISM.

AMIR-ARSALAN NAMDAR IS THE IRANAIN FULL ADDRESSEE LEGEND, THE BIRTH OF THE IMAGINATION OF TWO OF NASROLDIN SHAH QAJAR RELATIVES AND MENY ELEMENTS OF NARRATIVE. THE MAIN PURPOSE OF THIS PAPER IS TO INVESTIGATION THE STRUCTURE OF THIS STORY AND MORPHOLOGY OF IT. THE BASIS OF THE RESEARCH IS BASED ON PROPPS MORPHOLOGICAL THEORY. IN THIS IMPORTANT THEORY, THE BASIS OF NARRATIVE TO FIND FIXED AND UNCHANGING FUNCTIONS OF FICTION. IN THIS ESSAY, WE HAVE ACHIEVED A SOLID STRUCTURAL MODEL WITH A VIEW TO APPLYING THE CHARACTERS OF THE STORY AND EXPLANING THEIR POSITION, WICH SHOWS THE COMMONALITY OF IRANIAN TALES.

THE PRESENT STUDY AIMED AT EXAMINING THE EFFECT OF READING STRATEGY INSTRUCTION ON READING COMPREHENSION OF IRANIAN ENGLISH MAJOR STUDENTS IN INDIVIDUAL LEARNING MODE. THIRTY MALE AND FEMALE UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS, ALL MAJORING IN ENGLISH AT BIRJAND UNIVERSITY PARTICIPATED IN THE STUDY. A TOEFL READING COMPREHENSION TEST AS A PRE-TEST WAS ADMINISTERED IN THE FIRST SESSION TO SELECT HOMOGENOUS PARTICIPANTS. AFTER INSTRUCTING TWO SELECTED STRATEGIES (FINDING THE MAIN IDEA OF THE TEXT AND GUESSING THE MEANING OF WORDS IN TEXT) AND EIGHT SESSIONS WORKING ON THEM BY THE STUDENTS, THE RESULTS OF PAIRED T-TEST ANALYSIS OF A PRE- AND POST-TEST REVEALED THAT PARTICIPANTS SHOWED BETTER PERFORMANCE IN POST-TEST. CONSEQUENTLY, THIS STUDY HIGHLIGHTS THE VALUABLE IMPACT OF READING STRATEGY INSTRUCTION ON ENHANCING STUDENTS’ READING COMPREHENSION. THE IMPLICATIONS AND APPLICATIONS OF THE PRESENT STUDY ARE USEFUL FOR THE FIELD OF LANGUAGE INSTRUCTION.