NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS OF IRAN
Year:2013 | Volume:3 | Issue:4|Papers Count:9

Silvicultural operation need to notice the species diversity in the different forest type. With purpose examination of species diversity tree, shrub and herbaceous in type of forest different forest in the northern Zagros forests Marivan, Gomarlang district was selected . walking through the forest, canopy crown cover area and frequency calculate and type of forest was identified. Also in each type was sampled tree, shrub, regulation and herbaceous cover on floor of forest. In total of district was identified 7 type of forest that include: Quercus persica, Q. infectoria, Q. libani, Q. libani - Q. infectoria, Q. libani -Q. persica, Q. persica -Q. infectoria, Q. persica -Q. libani. In each forest type 30 circle sample plot (500 m2) state and number of tree, shrub was determined specially. In center of each plot by using micro plots 25 m2 (5*5 m) herbaceous condition of floor forest was determined. Species diversity index including Shannon Wiener (H׳), Simpson (1-D) and Margalef (R1) were used. Anova test was used for compassion means species diversity indexes in each of forest different. Analysis of the data was done by the Ecological Methodological software. Results showed that 9 tree, 7 shrub and 65 herbaceous species observed in the study area. Maximum of tree, shrub and herbaceous diversity observed in the mixed type (Q. libani -Q. infectoria, Q. libani -Q. persica) and unlike minimum of plant diversity observed in the pure type Quercus persica, Q. infectoria, Q. libani type. The result of Anova test showed different between species diversity indexes in the forest type was significant. and type of Q. libani -Q. infectoria has the most species diversity in each three layers. According to result in this research suggested that mixed mass of forest was protected and long time pure mass has been propelled to mixed mass.

Identification of plants in an area is an infrastructure for other studies such as ecological researches, ecosystem management and plant conservation. Yasooj region with an area about 1591593 hectares include some sections of Fars, Kohgiluye and Boyrahmad and Esfahan provinces. This research was carried out with the purpose of flora identification and investigation of life form and chorotype in this region. For this, plant samples were collected and identified using field surveys. The results of this research led to identify 929 plant species belonging to 417 genera and 84 families, indicating habitat diversity and high potential of biodiversity in Yasooj region. This study showd the most abundant families were Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Lamiaceae with 135, 111 and 70 plant species respectively. The most abundant genera were Asragalus, Centaurea and Nepeta with 53, 15 and 13 plant species respectively. According to the life form studies, hemichryptophytes and therophytes with 44.84% and 28.06% respectively include more than 70% of identified plant species. Chorotype of the most species belonged to Irano-Turanian (68.49%) in Yasooj region.

The aim of this research was to study the effect of seed source and seed size on morphology characteristics of Quercus castaneifolia in Loveh forest in Golestan province. The Seeds were collected from mother trees in source in three different high (400, 1000, 1600) , then were classified into three classes (small, medium and large) and were planted in the nursery. After seed growth, 108 seedlings were selected and 2 leaves were harvested from Each seedling. After drying the leaves, Morphological test were done and outcome data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey test. Results from this study showed the seed source and size was not significant effect on morphological features, that Means morphological characteristic are affected lesser by environmental and they are likely genetic features.

This study aimed to understand the Influences of different of plantation with  different species on soil. For this aim a 13-year-old plantation was chosen with five trees specie nitrogen fixing and three tree species non-nitrogen that was established based on the complete randomized block design with 3 replicate in margin of  Dez river. A total of 24 composite soil samples were taken systematically (one sample in the center and four other in four corners each plantation plot) using auger from 0-25 cm depth. Then some chemical properties of soil such as: soil organic carbon, total Nitrogen, available Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, and pH were measured. All the soil properties were different among the plantations except pH. Comparison of the soil properties between the two groups showed that organic carbon, C/N ratio, Potassium and calcium were higher under non nitrogen fixing species. Principal component analysis of plantations based on soil properties also showed that nitrogen fixing trees A.salicina, A.saligna, A.stenophylla, A.farnesiana and D.sissoo were in one group and the other tree species Ecamaldulensis, E.microtheca and P.euphratica were in another group. The factors that separated the two groups were C/N ratio, available Potassium and Calcium.

In order to valuation effects of rangeland reclamation practices on some parameters of soil and vegetation cover  a study was done in semi-arid rangelands of Mane &Semelghan in North Khorasan province. According to the background of range management projects was done in the region, two types of reclamation practices(pit-seeding and alfalfa planting) was selected and a control site was considered in side of reclamation site. Vegetation sampling was done with 6  Transects of 100m in every site by random systematic method and soil sampling was done from the depth of 0-30 and 30-60 cm.Analysis of data obtained after ensuring its normality  by using independent t-test in the software SPSS17 was performed . Results showed that, In both of  reclamation practices, Organic matter, nitrogen increased in both study depth. Also pit-seeding and alfalfa planting were increased mean canopy percentage, yield, and composition Percent of I class vegetation.  Generally pit-seeding and alfalfa planting have been positive effects on the physical and chemical properties and vegetation.

Emersion of livestock from Mazandaran province forests have always been a major concern of natural resources policy makers in the province and the country. Hence, evaluation of bookkeeping plan to exit the livestock in series 2 in zone 36 located in Kazemrood area in Abasabad of Mazandaran province has been done. This study prepared a questionnaire survey of 30 farmers who have participated in the design of livestock exclusion and 30 farmers that still staying in the forest. Results of the questionnaire revealed that this plan failed due to low income (Approximately 90 percent of the existed ranchers have an income below 500000 Toman). On the other hand, the literacy rate was low in both farmers groups; particularly existed farmers because literacy leads to higher levels of education and higher education increased 21% probability of output livestock. Forest dwellers interested to get more land than money. Some of them interested to come back to the forest.

This research to introduce natural-historical regions of Shirgah, one of Savadkooh cities located in Mazandaran province and to evaluate the potential of ecotourism development using GIS. The surface area of this region with around 40000 ha is located on elevation classes between 300 and 1500 m. In this research, at firstNatural- history attractions of Shirgah region were identified , by documental studies, including green map of Forests and Rangelands Organization (FRO) and field observations. Then by the systemic analysis and integration of environmental parameters (aspect, slope, altitude) and Geographical Information System (GIS), the ecological potential of the region based on the current criteria was elaborated. The findings indicate that the region has high potential and various environmental sources, including enough water, rich soil, suitable climatic conditions, various plant vegetation, citrus gardens, rice fields, dense forests, historical, cultural, holy places and also capable natural phenomena such as numerous waterfalls and attractive landscapes for ecotourism. From viewpoint of ecotourism, the whole region benefits from high potential for ecotourism development, based on intensive recreation and extensive recreation criteria. By a good planning and using these resources, much economics, social and cultural problems in this region can be solved and the region directed towards promoting the ecotourism and the sustainable development.

Examination of effects of Rangeland management practices is one of the main subjects for future planning of natural resources management and restoration projects. In terms of, there are no tools for the assessment and record changes in flood conditions, erosion and sediment watershed basins using hydrologic model for simulation catchment behavior before and after range Management practices  is as a useful tool achivement  toward this purpose. According to this research  was done purpose of  the purpose of this study was evaluation of land cover changes and on runoff in Gelerood basin in Borujerd county-Lorestan Province using HEC-HMS Hydrologic model was optimized and calibrated. Then, to determination of rangeland condition changes on concentration time that will cause a delay in the transfer of water after practice calculated and during frequent field  visits  improvement  of vegetation of basin and promotion of hydrologic model calculated by  SCS method  and By applying changes in input  model attempted to simulate flood behavior for existing events. Criteria's such as runoff piek and amount of flow determined for evaluation and measured in two situations of before and after land use. Results show that this model (HEC-HMS) is suitable for predicting and simulating of runoff in basin according to acceptable accuracy. Because of decreasing of Curve Number cause of plant cover increasing, the best scenarios to decreasing runoff are exclusion, available management of rangelands, conflagration and heavy grazing respectively. Therefore to decreas runoff must increase plant cover by any management tools even exclusion which it is the last way for prevention of natural hazardous and land degradation, orchards, built places beside of river and beside of Borujerd city.

Erosion and sediment creation in a region is largely dependent on its climate and weather, because weather impacts on vegetation condition also effect on soil creation phenomenon. However, there are two map formats (raster - vector) in Geographical Information System (GIS) software and with regard to the type of the map, the correct format should be used to produce maps so that use them for final analysis, the accuracy of the researcher increases. In this study, the meteorological factors were obtained using MPSIAC and EPM method for both formats (raster - vector)  in Nashtaroud watershed basin and has been employed in calculations. The results show that considering that the meteorological data are  type of dependant data, preparing them through raster format will lead to less error than vector format in final analysis(according to when  was used vector format researcher is forced to consider a weighted average for works units While these works units can have different condition in terms of meteorological score that in the loss of  these differences makes incorrect predictions erosion in watershed basin) which subsequently will have lower percentage of error in estimating the amount of special erosion and sediment. Also, amount of this difference in MPSIAC and EPM method were observed in A1-1-4-1, A1-1-4-2, A1-1-5, A1-1-6-1, A1-1-7-1, A 1-1-7-2, A1-2-1-2, and A1-2-1-3 sub-basins of Nashtaroud watershed basin. In this sub basin of expressed, score of climate varies around 2 to 3.5 and in total basin this difference is around 0/5 score. That this result can be effective for offer methods of control of erosion.