Background and purpose: Recent studies suggest that HDL-C may not serve as a useful biomarker in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD). The present study aimed to improve the prediction of CAD in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients with nephropathy by substituting the activity of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) for HDL-C. Materials and methods: This study examined 48 T2D patients who underwent coronary angiographic examination. The subjects were divided into two groups: non-CAD and CAD. For measuring PON1 activity, the initial rate of substrate hydrolysis (phenylacetate) was spectrophotometrically assayed at 270 nm. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were performed to compare the predictive performance of the study biomarkers. Results: The area under the ROC curve showed increases in the diagnostic performance of the study atherogenic ratios by replacing HDL-C with the PON1 in T2D patients with nephropathy. LDLC/PON1 (AUC=0. 72, P=0. 048) and log (TG/PON1) (AUC=0. 81, P=0. 005) had higher predictive powers compared with LDL-C/HDL-C (AUC=0. 56, P=0. 276) and log (TG/HDL-C) (AUC=0. 67, p=0. 038) for CAD risk assessment. Conclusion: The ratios of LDL-C/PON1 and log (TG/PON1) improve the prediction of CAD in T2D patients with nephropathy. Our findings support efforts to practically use HDL function instead of HDL-C levels for CAD diagnosis.

This research was designed to study the effect of rheumatoid  arthritis disease on some biomarker, and it was included 100 samples belonging to 50 individuals with rheumatic joint disease that was divided into 3 groups according to the disease period of time (i.e., early, mid, and advanced) at the age ranges of (25-65 years old) with 50 sample healthy (control) at the age ranges of (20-40 years old) and clinical parameter of disease were assessed ,including total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC), and very low density lipoprotein–cholesterol (VLDL-C). The results of the study revealed a significant increase with (HDLC) of patients with rheumatoid arthritis compared with control group, and also it was not significant in (TC, TG, LDLC, and VLDL-C) of the patients with rheumatoid arthritis compared with control group.

Background: Stroke makes a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although derangements in the lipid profile have been suggested as a risk factor for the development of stroke, various studies show inconsistent results on the association between lipid profile and stroke. A very few studies have commented on the status of lipid indices in stroke patients. Methods: After obtaining ethical medical records of the study populations were analyzed, and data collected from patients admitted to the hospital with clinically diagnosed stroke and control group consisted of apparently healthy volunteers selected from the master health checkup department. Baseline characteristics and lipid profile parameters and the number of days of hospital stay for stroke patients were collected. Lipid indices were calculated using following formulae. Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) = log triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc), Castelli’ s Risk Index (CRI-I) = Total cholesterol/HDLc, CRI-II = Low density lipoprotein cholesterol/HDLc, atherogenic coefficient (AC) = (Total cholesterol− HDLc)/HDLc, and non-HDLc (NHC) = Total cholesterol– HDL. Results: The study included 620 participants of which 290 were stroke patients and 330 healthy volunteers. 61% of stroke patients were hypertensives and 38% were diabetics 28% were both diabetic and hypertensives. In this study, the lipid parameters and the indices were significantly higher in stroke patients than the control group. Three indices, namely, CRI-I, AC, and NHC were found to be contributing to the risk of stroke significantly. There was no statistically significant correlation between the duration of hospital stay and lipid indices or individual parameters of lipid profile. Conclusion: In this study, the atherogenic lipid indices were significantly higher in stroke patients compared to controls.

Fasting is one of the obligatory duties of Islam (or Fasting in Islam is a faith) which has several metabolic changes in the body. Several studies have investigated various aspects of fasting, but also its effects on individuals with different characteristics such as obesity are almost unclear. The purpose of this study is the effect of fasting on glucose, lipid profile and body mass index.Methods: This study was done in the summer of 1392 with the participation of 36 volunteers (18 males and 18 females) who were overweight, and over 25 years in the city of Yazd. In coordination with persons in the three days before and after Ramadan fasting blood samples were collected. Fasting glucose, triglyceride s, cholesterol, LDLc and HDLc, and body weight were measured. Data were analyzed using SPSS16.Results: Mean fasting glucose and triglyceride levels didn’t showed a significant decrease compared to before fasting while The mean weight (from 95.2±12.4 to 93±11.5 kg), BMI (from 34.2±5.1 to 33.4±5.1 kg per square meter) and LDLc to HDLc (from 5.6±1.2 to 5.2±1.06) were significantly reduced and Average HDLc before and after fasting showed a significant increase (from 37.8±8.9 to 41.3±6.8 mg%, p<0.05).Conclusions: Increased levels of HDLc and decreased body mass index in obese fasting, indicating the usefulness of fasting on the health of individuals.

Background: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is considered “the epidemic of 21th century” affecting approximately 347 million people worldwide. It’s rapidly increasing global prevalence is a primary cause of concern. Homocysteine (Hcy) is a sulfur containing amino acid [COOHCH (CH2CH2SH) NH3]. Mild homocysteinemia is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis, atherothrombosis and may even increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in people with T2D. There is a low prevalence of diabetes in Greenland and Alaskan Eskimos, populations as known for a very high intake of N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs). High intake of n-3 PUFAs have potential antiatherosclerotic effects and also reduce deaths from CVD.In recent years, several studies have been implemented about n-3 fatty acids, but none of them have been able to completely show its effects on diabetes patients. This study has been conducted to determine the effects of n-3 PUFAs supplementation on Hcy level, lipid profile and insulin resistance in patients with T2D.Methods: This study is a double-blind controlled trial involving 70 patients with T2D selected from Yazd Diabetes Research Center in 2013. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either 2 g/day omega-3 soft gels (OG) or 2 g/day placebo (PG) for 6 weeks. At the beginning and end of the study, Hcy concentration, fasting plasma glucose, fasting plasma insulin, total cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), LDL-c, HDL-C, HDL-C/LDL-c ratio, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function was measured and compared.Results: Sixty five participants completed the study.N-3 PUFAs supplementation caused significant increase in Hcy level compared in OG with PG, but there was no significant difference in mean change between groups.Mean of total cholesterol, TG, LDLc, HDLc concentration and HDLc/LDLc. According to these findings, No significant differences was seen in mean changes of TG, total cholesterol, LDLc, HDLc concentration and HDLc/LDLc between groups. There was no significant difference in TG and total cholesterol before and after the intervention in groups, but LDLc and HDLc/LDLc ratio were significantly increased and HDLc was significantly decreased in OG. Insulin and IR had significant increase and IS had significant decrease in both groups, but β-cell function was significantly increased in OG.Conclusion: Our study showed that no beneficial effects of 2 g/day omega-3 supplement for 6 weeks on biomarkers of Hcy, glucose, insulin and lipid profile in patients with T2D.

Introduction. This study was aimed to assess the ratio of total cholesterol (TC) to high-density density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) and plasma nitrate levels in patients with ischemic nephropathy receiving statins and niacin extended release (NER). Materials and Methods. Kidney disease patients with a history of at least 5 year of diabetes mellitus or 10 year of hypertension were screened by renal artery Doppler ultrasonography. Participants were randomly assigned into two groups to receive atorvastatin, 20 mg/d, with and without NER, 500 mg/d, for 16 weeks. Serum levels of lipid profile, creatinine, and nitrate were compared before and after the study. Results. Fifty-four patients received the statin and 51 received statin-NER combination. Both statin and statin-NER groups demonstrated significant decreases in plasma levels of TC and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Triglyceride and very lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol were significantly lowered only with statin-NER combination. The increase in HDLC level was found in both groups, but significant only with statin-NER combination therapy (P <. 001). Atorvastatin combined with NER reduced TC/ HDLC ratio almost double as compared with that of atorvastatin alone (102% and 36. 6% reduction, respectively). A similar pattern was observed for nitrate levels (33% and 65%, respectively). Conclusions. These findings indicated that a reduction in TC/HDLC ratio improves endothelial function in renovascular disease and use of NER in combination with atorvastatin may provide better outcomes. This could be helpful in attenuating further vascular damage and associated systemic complications.