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In amid of COVID-19 pandemic, one of the concerns is whether it can become an endemic disease. Perhaps the main reason for this concern is that other coronaviruses, OC43, 229E, NL63, are already among endemic cause of moderate to severe respiratory infections similar to that of common cold. Becoming endemic depends on reinfection by the same virus, viral competition, and the seasonality of the infection. Coronaviruses, having larger RNA genomes and potentially prone to genetic drift are capable to becoming endemic, which in the case of new coronavirus all depends on antiviral therapy and effective vaccination against viral infection.

It appears inevitable that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 will continue to spread. Although we still have limited information on the epidemiology of this virus, there have been multiple reports of superspreading events (SSEs), which are associated with both explosive growth early in an outbreak and sustained transmission in later stages. Although SSEs appear to be difficult to predict and therefore difficult to prevent, core public health actions can prevent and reduce the number and impact of SSEs. To prevent and control of SSEs, speed is essential. Prevention and mitigation of SSEs depends, first and foremost, on quickly recognizing and understanding these events, particularly within healthcare settings. Better understanding transmission dynamics associated with SSEs, identifying and mitigating high-risk settings, strict adherence to healthcare infection prevention and control measures, and timely implementation of non-pharmaceutical interventions can help prevent and control severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, as well as future infectious disease outbreaks.

In a sufficiently immune population, herd immunity provides indirect protection to susceptible individuals by minimizing the probability of an effective contact between a susceptible individual and an infected host. In its simplest form, herd immunity will begin to take effect when a population reaches the herd immunity threshold, namely when the proportion of individuals who are immune to the pathogen crosses 1 –,1/R0. At this point, sustained transmission cannot occur, so the outbreak will decline. However, in real-world populations, the situation is often much more complex. Epidemiological and immunological factors, such as population structure, variation in transmission dynamics between populations, and waning immunity, will lead to variation in the extent of indirect protection conferred by herd immunity. Consequently, these aspects must be taken into account when discussing the establishment of herd immunity within populations. There are two possible approaches to build widespread SARS-CoV-2 im-munity: (1) a mass vaccination campaign, which requires the development of an effective and safe vaccine, or (2) natural immunization of global populations with the virus over time. However, the consequences of the latter are serious and far-reaching—, a large fraction of the human population would need to become in-fected with the virus, and millions would succumb to it. Thus, in the absence of a vaccination program, establishing herd immunity should not be the ultimate goal. Instead, an emphasis should be placed on policies that protect the most vulnerable groups in the hopes that herd immunity will eventually be achieved as a byprod-uct of such measures, although not the primary objective itself.

Coronavirus by one kind of its surface proteins (spike protein) locks onto the human cells surface receptors and after entering and replication of its RNA in the host cells causes immune responses. Briefly, a vaccine which may be weakened or inactivated virus, provokes the immune system to be ready to fight an invasive pathogen. So far, various technologies have been applied to develop vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 all over the world. Such vaccines including “, Nucleic acid vaccines”, , “, Viral-vector vaccines”,and protein-based vaccines”, .

Throughout history, human societies have been affected by various epidemic and pandemic infectious diseases. Careful archaeological and historical work has revealed that intersecting social and economic inequalities shaped the course of epidemics. Bioarchaeology and other social sciences have repeatedly demonstrated that these kinds of crises play out along the preexisting fault lines of each society. The people at greatest risk were often those already marginalized—, the poor and minorities who faced discrimination in ways that damaged their health or limited their access to medical care even in prepandemic times. In turn, the pandemics themselves affected societal inequality, by either undermining or reinforcing existing power structures. That reality is on stark display during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the disease has memorably struck some of the world’, s rich and powerful, it is not an equal-opportunity killer. The death toll is higher in poorer and denser areas because they have already suffered from poor health, poverty, and malnutrition.

The world is in the grip of a crisis that stands unprecedented in living memory. The COVID-19 pandemic is urgent, global in scale, and massive in impacts. Following Harold D. Lasswell’, s goal for the policy sciences to ofer insights into unfolding phenomena, this commentary draws on the lessons of the policy sciences literature to understand the dynamics related to COVID-19. We explore the ways in which scientifc and technical expertise, emotions, and narratives infuence policy decisions and shape relationships among citizens, organizations, and governments. We discuss varied processes of adaptation and change, including learning, surges in policy responses, alterations in networks (locally and globally), implementing policies across transboundary issues, and assessing policy success and failure. We conclude by identifying understudied aspects of the policy sciences that deserve attention in the pandemic’, s aftermath.

This document is an update of the guidance published on 6 April 2020 and includes updated scientific evidence relevant to the use of masks for preventing transmission of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as well as practical considerations.

The role of mathematics in biological studies is briefly discussed within the time frame of 17th to 21st centuries. The considered time line is partitioned into a number of sections within each a special scheme of two fields interactions is observed. Biological consideration within the serious work of mathematicians and serious consideration of mathematics within the work of biologists are employed to map various interval of interactions. Such interactions were (and yet are) constructive. These lead to the new interdisciplinary field of mathematical biology in 20th century. This paper will draw the picture of future modern biologists. It is claimed in this paper that, very soon, it will be impossible to meet a biologist who is not a sort of mathematician and there will be many mathematicians who works on biology. The relations between biology and mathematics will be similar to the relations between mechanics and mathematics. It is argued that, the time comes for building classical mathematical theories for biological concepts/problems. Some examples are given,specifically, the work of Shahshahani metric is addressed as an example towards such classical theories.

In spite of our ceaseless progress in different areas of science, it seems like many still refuse to accept scientific propositions. Although, some of this resistance might be attributed to unfamiliarity with the basis of scientific propositions, there seem to be deeper reasons for this opposition. Here, I attempt to present a rough outline of the causes of opposing science and scientific propositions. This outline that might prove useful for scientists and the advocates of science.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel coronavirus responsible for an ongoing human pandemic (COVID-19). There is a massive international effort underway to develop diagnostic reagents, vaccines, and antiviral drugs in a bid to slow down the spread of the disease and save lives. One part of that international effort involves the research community working with plants, bringing researchers from all over the world together with commercial enterprises to achieve the rapid supply of protein antigens and antibodies for diagnostic kits, and scalable production systems for the emergency manufacturing of vaccines and antiviral drugs. Here, we look at some of the ways in which plants can and are being used in the fight against COVID-19.

Since December 2019, just a month before the Chinese Spring Festival, multiple cases of pneumonia of unknown etiology appeared in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. Later, a novel coronavirus was identified in a bronchoalveolar lavage fluid sample from the Wuhan Seafood Market using metagenomic next-generation sequencing technology. On February 11, 2020, the virus was named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). The unprecedented number of COVID-19 cases not only in China but also in many countries has triggered the alarm for public health to respond to emerging and reemerging diseases. A comprehensive strategy, including surveillance, diagnostics, clinical treatment, research, and development of vaccines and drugs, is urgently needed to win the battle against COVID-19 and other infectious diseases.

Roxane Cohen Silver, professor of psychological science, public health, and medicine writes: “, Successfully managing COVID-19 and its aftermath will require that behavioral scientists provide a roadmap for public officials to ensure the public’, s cooperation, trust in, and implementation of what is learned from biomedical science. Although the timing of containment of COVID-19 remains unknown, most people will get to the other side of the pandemic recognizing strengths and coping skills that they did not realize they had. ”,

In a short time following the emergence of the new coronavirus and observation of its severe symptoms caused by SARS-CoV-2, many groups around the world sought to treat and also develop a vaccine. One of the therapeutic attempts is to repurposing the existing broad-spectrum antiviral agents. Also, To prepare a vaccine against the coronavirus, mostly nucleic acid-based vaccines have been noticed.

Most vaccines for diseases in low-and middle-income countries fail to be developed because of weak or absent market incentives. Conquering diseases such as tuberculosis, HIV, malaria, and Ebola, as well as illnesses caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens, requires considerable investment and a new sustainable model of vaccine development involving close collaborations between public and private sectors.

In the past century, there have been several pandemics. Within the context of global health, these pandemics have often been viewed from the lens of determinants such as population, poverty, and pollution. With an ever-changing world and the COVID-19 pandemic, the current global determinants of public health need to be expanded. In this editorial, we explore and redefine the major determinants of global public health to prevent future pandemics. Policymakers and global leaders should keep at heart the determinants suggested hereby in any planning, implementation, and evaluation of efforts to improve global public health and prevent pandemics.