سال:1392 | دوره: | شماره: |تعداد مقالات:6

Statistics of world health organization show caesarean section rate has been growing worldwide. According to policy of World Health Organization (W.H.O), the reasonable percentage of caesarean section (C/S) is 10- 15% worldwide; however, increased rates of c/s are related to additional caesarean deliveries for 0.8-3.2 million in low-income countries and for 4.0-6.2 million in middle and high-income countries. C/S rate is above 15% for 50% of countries on the average (1, 2). Although caesarean section must be just performed based on medical indications, elective caesarean rate is rising. Fear of childbirth is one of the most important factors causing women especially nulliparous women to be interested in elective C/S. The severity of this fear depends on many factors, e.g. personality, history and experiences. Since this fear is not decreased even after psychological counselling, it is necessary to relieve the pain of normal delivery by offered methods (3). These pain relief techniques classify as pharmacological and non-pharmacological groups; non-pharmacological group includes methods helping women to cope with pain in labour and pharmacological methods are for relieving the labour pain. Using of Pharmacological methods such as nerve block, opioid drugs and Entonox showed efficient results; however, adverse effects of these methods restrict use of them. Non-medical methods are safer than medical methods due to being non-invasive.

Objectives: Uterine leiomyoma is one of the most common benign tumors of the uterus that causes so many problems for women such as uterine bleeding. Medical treatment of this disease is temporary so women may be compelied to hysterectomy that is definitive treatment of leiomyoma. Nowadays researches show that most of the diseases can be prevented by changing the life style.Researches emphasize the role of healthy nutrition in preventing the diseases, so the aim of this study is the comparison of nutrition in women with and without uterine leiomyoma in Tabriz 2012.Material and Methods: In this case-control study with convenience sampling, we selected 400 persons with eligibility criterion of research, 200 leiomyoma to persons in case group and 200 persons without leiomyoma in control group that were matched in age and parity. After obtaining informed consent, the questionnaires which contain demographic and nutritional information were given to participants to complete.The data were analyzed by SPSS software (Ver. 13).Results: Results showed that the mean scores of the two groups in terms of nutrition were not statistically significant, but compared to the control group the mean scores of case group were higher (p>0.05).Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that the intake of beneficial nutrients was higher in control group and this may be associated with risk of leiomyoma, so encouraging people to modify their diet seems essential.

Objectives: Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy with incidence of 3.7% are one of the most severe complications. Cardiovascular diseases are apparent in 2% of the pregnancies. Physiologic changes during pregnancy intensify the underlying disorders and the severity of this problem. Researches indicate that pregnant women with heart disease greatly confront unfavorable maternal and fetal outcomes with increased risk of abortion, intra uterine fetal death, preterm labor and intra uterine growth retardation. This study aim was to magnify the outcomes of pregnancy accompaniment with cardiovascular diseases and hypertension.Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective descriptive study in which patient records of 2500 pregnant women referring to Alzahra hospital from 2006 to 2008 were assessed. Data was gatherated by medical files and analyzed by SPSS software.Results: In this study incidence of moderate Aorta Stenosis (AS) was about 45.5 % (10cases), Mitral valvuloplasty (MVP) was about 22.73% (5cases) and Mitral stenosis (MS) was 18.18% (4 cases); two patient with MR(mitral regurgitation)+MS had underwent valvuloplasty. 72.7% (16) of the mothers were hospitalized due to hypertension, 9.1% due to tachycardia and dyspnea and 18/2% showed mixed form of theses complains. They were using hydralazine and methyldopa as anti-hypertensive drugs. Only 10% of the patients had history of anticoagulant using during pregnancy. We found only one patient with pulmonary stenosis (PS) in these patients.Conclusion: Women with hypertension and previous heart disease showed many serious complications and high fetal mortality during pregnancy. Proper and on time care giving and support during pregnancy is dependent on the accurate diagnosis of the heart disease; any health problem should be seriously noted.

Objectives: Luminal epithelial basement membrane of endometrial has a major role in implantation. Studies have shown that the rate of successful implantation in stimulatory cycles is less than natural cycles due to detrimental effects of super ovulation drugs on endometrial tissue. The aim of this study is to determine the changes of basement membrane of human endometrial due to the effects of stimulatory drugs.Material & Methods: Endometrial tissue samples with natural cycle (N= 10, control group), and stimulation cycles (N= 10, test group) at the time of implantation (120 h after injection of HCG) were prepared. Ovulation was done by injection of agonists GnRH and HMG. The specimens were processed for electron microscopic study. Qualitative study of electron density, and quantitative study increased thickness of basement membrane) were performed on micrograph. The data was analyzed using test.Results: The qualitative study showed a significant increase of electron density basement membranes in e test group. The quantitative study indicated that some parameter of basement membrane such as overall thickness, dark and clear was significantly increased in test group compared to control group. This difference was statistically significant (P£ 0.05).Conclusion: Considering the above findings, it can be concluded that super ovulation drugs may lead to low implantation rate by affecting the luminal epithelial basement membrane of the endometrium.

Objectives: Cinnamon as an antioxidant is able to reduce oxidative stress. Previous study confirmed antioxidant enzymes have beneficial and essential effects on male infertility by their role against reactive oxygen species.Material and methods: Wistar male rats (n=20) were allocated into two groups, control group (n=10) and cinnamon group (n=10) that received 75mg/kg by gavage method, daily for 4 weeks respectively while the control group just received an equal volume of distilled water daily. In 30th day, 5 cc blood sample of each rat was taken for testosterone measurement.Results: Total serum testosterone and TAC (total antioxidant capacity) levels were significantly increased in group that has received 75mg/kg cinnamon in comparison to control group (P<0.05). It was not seen any significant difference between groups in testis weight.Conclusion: Since in our study 75mg/kg Cinnamon has significantly increased serum testosterone and TAC, it seems to use it in infertile patients has beneficial effects.

Since breasts are the symbol of femininity, deformation or lack of the breasts greatly impairs the mental quality of life for the female patients. Psycho-sociological importance of this issue has caused many studies to work on breast implants (1, 2, 3, 4). Amastia is a rare condition where the breast or nipple is absent. Amastia can be due to: congenital, teratogen exposure, injuries sustained during thoracotomy, Chest tube placement, and inappropriate biopsy of the breast and radiotherapy of severe burns. Unilateral amastia is often associated with absence of the pectoral muscles. Bilateral amastia is associated in 40%of cases with multiple congenital anomalies involving other parts of the body as well .We had a rare case of a patient with unilateral amastia, where, in spite of the right-side of the breast being intact, the left-side of the breast was absent. The present article presents the case with reference to past reports of amastia. A three-years-old girl with unilateral of breast tissue, areolea and nipples . No other anomalies were noted. Investigation done during the hospital stay including ultrasonography of the chest wall, abdomen and pelvic were all normal.