Background & Aim: Providing self-care education to patients and their family leads to improvement in the quality of life and increase in participation in self-care programs. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of education by peer and nurse on self-care in hemodialysis patients. Methods & Materials: In this quasi-experimental study, 105 hemodialysis patients from three selected hospitals in three cities of Isfahan province (Zarinshahr, Falavarjan and Mobarakeh) were selected by the simple random sampling method from February 2016 to September 2016. Three centers were randomly assigned to three groups including education by peer, education by nurse and control. The individual face-to-face education was provided by the peer or the nurse to hemodialysis patients, and the control group only received routine education. Data gathering tool was the hemodialysis patients’ self-care questionnaire which was completed for three groups before and one month after education. The data were analyzed using the SPSS software version 18 through Chi-square test, paired t test, the analysis of variance and Tukey’ s post-hoc test at the significance level of P<0. 05. Results: There were no significant differences between the three groups in age, duration of dialysis, gender, and level of education (P>0. 05). The Tukey’ s multiple comparisons tests showed that the effect of nurse intervention on self-care improvement was significantly more than peer intervention and the control group (P<0. 001) and also the effect of peer intervention on self-care improvement was significantly more than the control group (P<0. 001). Conclusion: Education by a nurse is effective in the self-care behaviors of hemodialysis patients and will improve these behaviors. Also, using peer experiences has advantages for hemodialysis patients such as easy, low-cost and effective education, based on life experiences and lack of need for special equipment.