علوم مراتع
سال:1399 | دوره:10 | شماره:4 |تعداد مقالات:10

This book brings together and discusses information relating to animal production systems in different parts of the world. Throughout this book there are examples of systems comprised of a collection of interdependent and interactive elements that act together to accomplish a desired outcome. As indicated in the Editor’ s Preface, we sought to give a broad description of existing systems of livestock production in different parts of the world. We discuss some of their important components and try to identify why and how these components have interacted with the systems being described. By editorial concept and by cross referencing between chapters this book should serve as a synthesis of several key issues...

Rangeland cover approximately 85% of Kenya’ s land mass and is a major resource for livestock farming with a considerable potential to mitigate climate change, yet these lands are stressed differently by various management. Our study aimed at predicting the long-term changes in Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) in grazing lands of Kenya under different grazing management systems (rotational, continuous and ungrazed), for a 50-year period using RothC 26. 3. This research was conducted on a commercial grazing ranch which practices the two grazing management systems. Soil samples were collected at the depths of 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm for the determination of soil organic carbon concentrations and bulk densities, results were later used for running the RothC model. The predicted results showed that the rate of SOC stock [t/ha] was higher under rotational grazing system in comparison to ungrazed and continual grazing system for the modelling period of 2015-2064. In the absence of grazing, the system was predicted to accumulate 19. 22 Mg C ha-1 of SOC at the rate of 0. 369 Mg C ha-1yr-1, whereas rotational grazing system was predicted to accumulate 30. 46 Mg C ha-1 at the rate of 0. 61 Mg C ha-1yr-1. The continual grazing management system resulted in the accrual of 18. 49 Mg C ha-1 at the rate of 0. 37 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 over 50 years. Thus, rotationally grazing management system have the potential of accumulating soil organic carbon in semi-arid grasslands.

The Artisanal and Small-scale Gold Mining (ASGM) activities have become the main source of income for the local people in Sekotong sub-district since 2008. However, the decreasing gold production enforces them to leave the ASGM activities and work back to the agricultural sector. The study aims to evaluate and develop a crop and beef cattle integration model in Sekotong sub-district, West Lombok district, Indonesia. The area was chosen purposively considering that Sekotong sub-district is the rural area of the district and had decreasing ASGM activities. The study was conducted with field research method consisted of case study, survey, in-depth interview and field observation to collect the data. In addition, the soil characteristics of Sekotong sub-district were also analyzed to determine the suitable crop in the proposed integrated system. The demographic, cattle population, crops availability, and farmer characteristics data were collected and potential crop and livestock integration model is proposed. The result showed that an integrated cattle and corn farming system under farmers group is recommended in order to increase cattle production and better farming management. In addition, other supporting farming practices which positively contribute to the system should be implemented in the model. The study concludes that an integrated cattle and corn farming model under guided farmer groups is recommended to support the farming practice by the local people who transitioned back from unsustainable ASGM into agricultural sector.

The survey was conducted in Urban and peri urban areas of mid and high land of Bale, Ethiopia during September 2016 to June 2017 with the objective of identifying available feed resources, its utilization methods and constraints related to feeding. The three major towns of Bale zone Ginir, Goba and Robe and the villages surrounding them that have a border with the town were included. A total of 180 households was selected using both purposive and random sampling techniques. Out of the total respondents, 66. 1% indicated feed and feeding system as primary constraints. In peri-urban, the principal dry season feed resources available to livestock in the study area include crop-residue, stubble grazing, natural pasture and hay in their descending order. Milled grain, Agro-industrial byproduct and by product of local beverage “ atela” are the main supplements used. In urban, feeds are mostly purchased from flour milling and oil producing houses. Despite high price and shortage of supplementary feeds, about 80% of the total respondents are supplementing concentrate to their dairy cattle. The total average protein and energy supplement provided per day for lactating cow is 0. 94kg and 1. 22kg, respectively which cost 0. 93$ and 0. 91$ in average in urban and peri urban area to produce the total average milk of 3. 65 litters. The overall average daily dairy production output is 1. 94$ birr and the average net profit is 0. 07$ and 1. 02$ per day/cow for local and hybrids, respectively. Feed quantity and quality problem was the first ranked, followed by lack of improved breed and health problem. Hence, to bring a meaningful increase in livestock productivity, livestock should be supplemented with a reasonable quantity and quality feeds. Similarly, the traditional husbandry practice, management of natural pasture and feeding value of crop residues should be improved.

A study was conducted in May– July, 2019 to determine the nutritional values of selected forages consumed by ruminants in the derived Savannah zone of Nigeria. The leaves of plant species were separated, identified, washed, screened, air-dried and milled for chemical analyses and in vitro degradability measurement. Three West African Dwarf rams were used to ascertain the acceptability of these forages using cafeteria feeding trial method. Co-efficient of Preference (CoP) was then calculated. The experiment was of a completely randomized design and all data were statistically analyzed. The chemical analyses showed that the crude protein (CP) content of Mangifera indica (13. 17%) was higher than Pennisetum purpureum (11. 57%), Panicum maximum (9. 57%) and Terminalia catappa (8. 75%). The NDF of T. catappa (51. 58%) was least compared to P. maximum (57. 02%) which was the highest while P. maximum (37. 10%), P. purpureum (54. 66%) and M. indica (37. 93%) were statistically (P<0. 05) similar. However, P. maximum had the least value of ADF. The assayed macro-minerals concentrations were the highest in T. catappa but it had relatively high levels of phytate, saponin, alkaloids and tannin. At the end of incubation, in vitro gas production by P. maximum (5. 00 ml/DM) was the highest compared to other species. Hence, rate of degradation varied. P. maximum was most preferred (with the highest CoP of 1. 10) of the forages compared to other test forages. The relatively raised levels of antinutrients in T. catappa could be due to its low acceptability. It could be concluded that the forages had good nutritive value, adequate minerals composition with tolerable anti-nutrients levels and their preferential ranking from Panicum maximum>Pennisetum purpureum>Terminalia catappa>Mangifera indica indicating that they could be suitably recommended as sole or partial feed for ruminants.