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سال:1392 | دوره:- | شماره:61 |تعداد مقالات:9

Christopher Wolfgang Alexander (born October 4, 1936 in Vienna, Austria) is an architect noted for his theories about design. He wrote his seminal book titled A Pattern Language to empower anyone to design and build at any scale. More recently, his quest for the nature of order is notable among his writings. In The Nature of Order: an Essay on the Art of Building and the Nature of the Universe (2003-04), which includes The Phenomenon of Life, The Process of Creating Life, A Vision of a Living World and The Luminous Ground, he puts forth a new theory about the nature of space and describes how this theory influences thinking about architecture, building, planning, and the way in which we view the world in general. The mostly static patterns from A Pattern Language have been amended by more dynamic sequences, which describe how to work towards patterns (which can roughly be seen as the result of sequences). Sequences, like patterns, promise to be tools of wider scope than building (just as his theory of space goes beyond architecture). This paper attempts to review Alexander’s theory in a wider frame encompassing developments in technology as well as those in philosophical thought.

Risk management studies have paved the ground for the study of uncertainty in project management, which focuses on the origins of threats and opportunities, instead of focusing on threats and opportunities per se. Stakeholders are key factors in causing uncertainty. This paper attempts to examine the impact of uncertainty in a real case. The Expansion of Imam Ali Shrine in Najaf, Iraq designed by Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University is a project that demonstrates the role of a multitude of diverse stakeholders. For the sake of analysis, the Salience Model was chosen amongst eight different models proposed for assessing interest, power and legitimacy of stakeholders. Nevertheless, to include the interactions between different stakeholders, this model was combined with the Network Model. As a result, the key project stakeholders were determined with respect to their impact as the Shrine Guardian, main contractor, donors, terrorist groups, and local contractors. The most important sources of uncertainty with significant impact on cost, time and quality of the Project include the social conditions in Najaf, progress rate and change of officials.