Background: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are among the most prevalent pains which could be ignited via material handling. BACKPACK wearers are among those who may carry heavy loads. Since MSDs mainly originate in school-aged children, students (as the largest group of BACKPACK wearers) are considered more important. The purpose of this study is to design a BACKPACK based on minimization of shearing force.Methods: At first the relevant patents were investigated at national and international levels. Then the appropriate ones were selected for optimization. The main selection criterion was based on reduction of pressure on the body. As an extra function we used a generator to produce electricity. The criterion for electricity generator selection was: 1) small dimension, 2) low weight, and 3) safe voltage.Results: A suspending system was used to eliminate shearing forces. Since a BACKPACK wearing student is under the shearing force caused by walking, a spring system was used as a reducing device for shearing force. Physical spring calculation revealed that springs with stiffness coefficient equal to 588 were appropriate.Conclusion: In comparison with existing designs, suggested BACKPACK design can reduce forces on upper limb during handling the BACKPACK.

Aim: Nowadays, schoolbags are considered to be resulted in musculoskeletal discomforts among students. This study set out to determine this health problem due to carrying school bag in students studying in high schools of Ardabil, Iran. Method and Materials: This study was carried out among adolescent students in Ardabil city, Iran, in 2019. To collect data a socio-demographic questionnaire was used to complete demographic variables. Furthermore, standard scales were applied to measure weight and height of the students as well as weight of their school BACKPACK. All data entered into the SPSS statistical software and analysed through descriptive analysis tests to determine the status of BACKPACK among secondary high school students in Ardabil, Iran. Findings: A total of 474 adolescent students with mean age of (13. 51±, 1. 13 years) were assessed in this study. According the findings, more than half of studied students used BACKPACK while going to school. This study revealed the mean weight of studied students and their BACKPACKs were 52. 38 ±,12. 34 kg and 3. 57±,1. 18kg respectively. Body Mass Index (BMI) was found to be 23. 56. ±,6. 84. The average weight of the BACKPACK of first-year students was 3. 45±, 1. 25 kg, in second-year students, it was 3. 55±,1. 08 kg, and in third-year students, it was 3. 69±, 1. 21 kg. Conclusion: As most of adolescent students used BACKPACK in the way to school, complying with standard rules of BACKPACK use is strongly recommended.

BACKPACKing has become a habit among people from preschool to college and even beyond. But unfortunately, the appearance of the bags is more important than their efficiency [1]. . . . .

Background: Increased complaints by school students about back and shoulder pain and discomfort have raised concerns among parents, education professionals, and orthopedists and these discomforts may be because of schoolbag carriage. The aim of this study was to investigate of relationship of musculoskeletal symptoms with weight of BACKPACK in Tehran secondary school students.Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed in the city of Tehran in 2009. Two hundred thirteen students participated in study. Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire was used, asking about complaints of back, neck, and/or shoulders. Length and weight of the children were determined. Schoolbags were weighed, and the relative weight of the schoolbag was calculated.Results: Most prevalent musculoskeletal discomfort was in shoulders as 38.1%, neck 27.6% and back 16.7%. Average difference of weight of BACKPACK in sample that had musculoskeletal with other samples was significant (P< 0.05). Conclusion: Weight of the BACKPACK appears to be strongly related to the occurrence of shoulder, neck, back, and extremities complaints in students. Although musculoskeletal discomforts are believed to be multifactorial in origin, the carriage and manipulating of heavy BACKPACK is signally a suspected factor and may represent an overlooked daily physical stress for secondary students.

This paper focuses on the biomechanical aspects of the human lower extremity loading condition during BACKPACK load carrying. A biomechanical framework was generated with the aim of employing a block-oriented structure of Simulink integrated with the Virtual Reality Toolbox of MATLAB software to provide a simulation study of the musculoskeletal system in a virtual environment. In this case, a ten-degrees-of-freedom musculoskeletal model actuated with sixteen muscles in each leg was utilized to simulate movement in the sagittal plane. An inverse dynamics based optimization approach was employed to estimate the excitation level of the muscles. In addition, distributions of the mechanical power analysis for lower extremity muscles were carried out to enhance the understanding of human leg morphology and control mechanism to provide load support. Simulation results provide a biomechanical framework to identify the muscles and joints, which are critically subjected to musculoskeletal injuries during the activity under investigation. Analysis of the muscle activation patterns and their distribution of the mechanical powers revealed the important role of the plantar flexors of the ankle and the extensors of the knee and hip joints in supporting the body during BACKPACK load carrying.

Aims: A BACKPACK is considered as one of the most common cases of carrying things to schools. It is argued that improper carrying can lead to musculoskeletal pain in students. Health education through peers can play an important role in promoting proper BACKPACK carrying behaviors. This study aimed to evaluate peer education on how to carry BACKPACKs in female high school students. Method and Materials: This quasi-Intervention study was conducted on 92 female high school students in Bahnemir, Iran using multi-stage cluster random sampling. The data regarding knowledge, attitude and BACKPACK carrying behavior were collected through a valied questionnaire before and six months after the intervention. Just intervention group received an educational program in four sessions by peers. The data were analyzed by SPSS version 21. Findings: 92 students with a mean age of 13. 90 ±,0. 71participated in Intervention and control groups (n= 46 in each group). The variables of knowledge, attitude and BACKPACK carrying behavior improved after intervention (respectively (P <0. 001). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it is suggested to consider these findings in the design, implementation and evaluation of educational interventions to improve carrying behavior of BACKPACKs among this vulnerable target group.