Introduction: The carry of heavy backpacks by school children may be associated with several potential health consequences. The aim of this study was to determine the percentage of body weight represented by school backpacks and other related factors.Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional study has been done in eight primary schools in Yazd city in which a total of 783 student’s boys (217 subjects in boys’ private schools and 566 ones in boys' governmental schools), grades 1 to 5, were studied. Measures included body mass and school bag weight of students and then the relative backpack weight (RBW) was calculated as percentage of body weight.Results: The average backpack weight was 4.6 kg (range, 1.3 kg to 20.6 kg) and represented 12.9% (range, 5.5% to 37%) of the subjects’ body weights. In private schools, about 43.7% of the students carried backpacks weighing less than 10 percent, 38.4% between 10 – 14% and 17.9% of the students 15 percent or more of their body weights versus 66.2%, 23.5% and 10.3% in governmental schools, respectively. The majority of students carried their bags over one or two shoulders and only 4% used roller bags. The contents of backpacks were mainly text books, exercise books or test books.Conclusion: In conclusion the result of this study indicated that the students of private schools carried heavier backpacks than those of governmental ones and therefore it appears to be reasonable to lighten the load of backpacks and educate students for carrying correctly school backpacks.

Low back pain is one of the most common musculoskeletal injuries. Many factors, such as wrong lifestyle, lack of exercise, muscle weakness, and excessive activity, cause many people to suffer from these injuries and problems. These patients usually choose surgery as the most appropriate treatment strategy, but this strategy may not be successful and may lead to failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS). Due to the problems caused by this method, one of the effective methods in treating low back pain is exercise, which includes breathing exercises and strengthening core stability. According to studies, these exercises can effectively reduce pain by strengthening the deep core muscles and activating the diaphragm muscle. This study aims to investigate the effect of breathing exercises on people with FBSS. Considering that people with unsuccessful FBSS have weakness in the core stabilizing and diaphragm muscles, breathing exercises and central stabilization are vital for their pain. In sum, this research showed that combining stabilization exercises with breathing exercises has better results than doing stabilization exercises alone because the primary muscle in breathing exercises is the diaphragm muscle, which provides trunk stability with its activity. Strengthening the central muscles and the diaphragm increases the stability of the trunk, timely muscle activation, and muscle coordination in the back. It improves performance, and a person can use sports activities as a safe and secure choice without using risky and expensive methods.

Achalasia is a medical condition presenting with dysphagia to both liquids and solids. Although it is usually a primary disease,there are cases in which achalasia occurs secondary to other conditions. Despite its presentation as a secondary condition in a numberof diseases, it is very rare for achalasia to be associated with multiple myeloma especially as the presenting symptom when thepatient’s disease has not been diagnosed yet. Initial manifestations of multiple myeloma include array of symptoms such as BACKPAIN, bone lesions, and anemia, but as mentioned before it is extremely rare for it to initially present with achalasia.Here we describe a man who initially presented with dysphagia and further studies confirmed the diagnosis of achalasia. Later hewas diagnosed as having multiple myeloma following other presentations of the disease, thus making the dysphagia caused byachalasia his presenting symptom of multiple myeloma.

Thoracic ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) is a rare condition that is mainlyaccompanied by cervical OPLL or ossification of thoracic ligamentum flavum. In case of causing neurologicalmanifestations, it is preferred to treat the condition surgically. Several surgical procedures were introduced,including anterior, posterior, or combined approaches. Laminectomy with instrumented fusion is the mostpopular procedure utilized via the posterior approach. A 32-year-old obese woman, who suffered from BACKPAIN and weakness in both lower extremities for one month, was referred to our spine outpatient clinic. Imagingrevealed lower thoracic OPLL (T7/T8 & T8/T9 & T9/T10). The posterior longitudinal ligament had a mixedossification pattern (beaked and continuing cylindrical). To maintain thoracic spine stability and prevent futurekyphosis, we performed laminectomy and long segment fixation (T7 to T12). The post-operative neurologicalexamination revealed a considerable increase in muscle strength and significant pain relief.