EPINEPHRIN (EP) IS AN IMPORTANT NEURO TRANS MITTERS IN MAMMALIAN CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMS (1), AND IT EXITS IN THE NERVOUS TISSUE AND BODY FLUID IN THE FORM OF LARGE ORGANIC CATIONS. THE CHANGE OF ITS CONCENTRATION MAY RESULT IN MANY DISEASES (2). THERE ARE SOME METHODS APPLIED FOR THE DETERMINATION OF EP. AS AN ELECTROACTIVE DEVICE, IT CAN ALSO BE STUDIED VIAELECTROCHEMICAL TECHNIQUE. SOME REPORTS SHOWED THE ELECTROCHEMICAL RESPONSE OF EP ON DIFFERENT KINDS OF ELECTRODES .NANO COMPOSITE ZEFE2O4/TIO2 MODIFIED CARBON PASTE ELECTRODE HAS BEEN USED FOR THE DETERMINATION OF EPINEPHRIN (EP) BY CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY (CV). DIFFERENTIAL PULSE VOLTAMMETRY (DPV). BASIED ON THE ANODIC OXIDATION PEAK AT (0.6 V) IN H3PO4 (0.1M) BUFFER AT (PH: 7). A LINEAR AN ANALYTICAL CURVE WAS ABSERVED IN THE RANGE OF 0.08 M M TO260 M M (R2:0.998). THE DETERMINATION LIMIT FOR THIS METHOD IS 0.07 M M. WE EXAMINED THIS METHOD FOR THE VOLTAMMETRIC DETERMINATION OF EP IN INJECTION SAMPLES.

A MODIFIED NANO-COMPOSITE CARBON PASTE ELECTRODE FOR LU3+IONS WAS PREPARED BY EMPLOYING 2, 2’ -DITHIOBIS (4-METHYLTHIAZOLE) AS AN IONOPHORE AND PARAFFIN OIL AS A BINDER. NANO-COMPOSITE CARBON PASTE ELECTRODE WAS MODIFIED BY MULTI-WALLED CARBON NANO-TUBE (MWCNTS) AND NANOSILICA TO IMPROVEMENT IN THEIR CHARACTERIZATIONS SUCH AS SENSITIVITY AND SELECTIVITY, ESPECIALLY IN TERM OF RESPONSE TIME, RESPONSE STABILITY AND LIFETIME IN COMPARISON WITH TYPICAL CARBON PASTE ELECTRODE [1]. THE BEST PERFORMANCE FOR NANO-COMPOSITE SENSOR WAS OBTAINED WITH ELECTRODE COMPOSITION OF 25% PARAFFIN OIL, 3% TMT, 3% MWCNTS, 0.5% NANO-SILICA AND 40% GRAPHITE.THE SENSORS EXHIBITS NERNSTIAN RESPONSE FOR THE LU3+IONS OVER THE CONCENTRATION RANGE 5.0×10-8-1.0×10-2 M AT PH 2.8-9.3 WITH A LOWER DETECTION LIMIT OF 2.5×10-8 M AND THE SLOPE OF 19.9 ± 0.3 MV PER DECADE. THE RESPONSE TIME WAS RELATIVELY QUICK IN THE WHOLE CONCENTRATION RANGE (~5 S).IN THIS RESEARCH, POTENTIOMETRIC SELECTIVITY COEFFICIENTS, DESCRIBING THE PREFERENCE OF THE ELECTRODE FOR LUTETIUM IONS RELATIVE TO AN INTERFERING ION, WERE DETERMINED BY THE MATCHED POTENTIAL METHOD (MPM) [2]. THE SENSOR REVEALED HIGH SELECTIVITY WITH RESPECT TO ALL COMMON ALKALI, ALKALINE EARTH, TRANSITION AND HEAVY METAL IONS, INCLUDING MEMBERS OF THE LANTHANIDE FAMILY OTHER THAN LU3+. THE LU3+SENSOR WAS SUCCESSFULLY APPLIED AS AN INDICATOR ELECTRODE IN THE POTENTIOMETRIC TITRATION OF LU (III) IONS WITH EDTA [3].

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IMBALANCE OF BLOOD SUGAR IS A GLOBAL HEALTH CARE PROBLEM THAT TREATABLE DISEASE AFFECTING ABOUT 200 MILLION PEOPLE AROUND THE WORLD [1]. ALTHOUGH THERE ARE MANY DIFFERENT METHODS FOR GLUCOSE DETERMINATION, BUT ELECTROCHEMICAL METHODS HAVE ABSORPTION MORE CONCENTRATION DUE TO THEIR SIMPLICITY, PROPER SELECTIVITY AND HIGH SENSITIVITY [2]. IN THIS STUDY, SENSITIVE AND STABLE NON-ENZYMATIC GLUCOSE SENSOR BASED ON GO/NC/CUO COMPOSITE PASTE ELECTRODE WAS FABRICATED. THE MORPHOLOGY OF NANOMATERIAL AND NANOCOMPOSIT WERE INVESTIGATED BY SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (SEM), TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (TEM) AND XRAY DIFFRACTION(XRD).CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY AND AMPEROMETRY WERE PERFORMED TO STUDY THE ELECTROCATALYTIC OXIDATION OF GLUCOSE IN ALKALINE MEDIUM AT GO/NC/CUO-CPE. A LINER RANG OF 0.05 TO 30 MM GLUCOSE, LIMIT OF DETECTION 2.5MM (SIGNAL-TO-NOISE 3) WERE OBSERVED. THE MODIFIED ELECTRODES OFFER EXCELLENT ELECTRO CATALYTIC ACTIVITY TOWARD THE GLUCOSE OXIDATION AT LOW POSITIVE POTENTIAL (0.4 V VS AG/AGCL). AS A RESULT, IT COULD BE CONCLUDED THAT GO/NC/CUO-CPE AT PRESENCE OF NC WOULD PAVE THE WAY FOR GLUCOSE BIOSENSOR. THE NOVEL GLUCOSE SENSOR ALSO EXHIBITS GOOD REPRODUCIBILITY, LONG-TERM STABILITY, AS WELL AS NO INTERFERENCE FROM L-ASCORBIC ACID, URIC ACID, FRUCTOSE AND GALACTUS, SO IT IS REASONABLE TO EXPECT ITS BROAD USE IN NON-ENZYMATIC GLUCOSE SENSOR.

FUEL CELLS ARE BEING CONSIDERED AS AN IMPORTANT TECHNOLOGY THAT CAN BE USED FOR VARIOUS POWER APPLICATIONS. THEY ARE DEVICES IN WHICH THE ENERGY OF A CHEMICAL REACTION IS CONVERTED DIRECTLY INTO ELECTRICITY. IN DIRECT METHANOL FUEL CELLS (DMFCS), METHANOL IS USED AS A FUEL [1].UNFORTUNATELY, COMPOUNDS SUCH AS METHANOL WITH LARGE OXIDATION OVER POTENTIAL AT ORDINARY CARBON ELECTRODES ARE NOT SUITABLE ANALYTES FOR THESE ELECTRODES. ONE PROMISING APPROACH FOR MINIMIZING OVERVOLTAGE EFFECTS IS IN CARRYING OUT THE ELECTRO CATALYTIC PROCESS AT CHEMICALLY MODIFIED ELECTRODES [2, 3].THE ELECTROCHEMICAL BEHAVIOR OF METHANOL AT THE SURFACE OF A CARBON-PASTE ELECTRODE (CPE) MODIFIED WITH POLY (P-PHENYLENDIAMIN/POSS) NANO COMPOSITE IS DESCRIBED. THE STRUCTURE OF THE NANO COMPOSITE WAS CHARACTERIZED BY FT-IR SPECTROSCOPY. CATALYTIC ACTIVITY AND STABILITY FOR THE OXIDATION OF METHANOL WERE STUDIED BY USING CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY. THE RESULTS SHOW THAT THE NANO COMPOSITE SIGNIFICANTLY ENHANCES THE EFFECTIVE SURFACE AREA AND THE CATALYTIC ACTIVITY OF THE CPE FOR OXIDATION OF METHANOL. THE RESULTS OBTAINED CONFIRMED THAT THE DISPERSION OF THE POSS PARTICLES IS CONNECTED WITH CATALYTIC RESPONSE TO A HIGHER ACTIVITY. THE NANO TUBULAR MORPHOLOGY OF POLY (P-PHENYLENDIAMINE) HELPS IN THE EFFECTIVE DISPERSION OF POSS PARTICLES FACILITATING THE EASIER ACCESS OF METHANOL TO THE CATALYTIC SITES. THE POLY (P-PHENYLENDIAMINE) NANOTUBES MODIFIED WITH POSS NANOPARTICLES CAUSE A GREAT INCREASE IN ELECTRO ACTIVITY AND THE ELECTRO-CATALYTIC PROPERTIES OF CPE FOR METHANOL.

POTENTIOMETRIC SENSORS HAVE SHOWN TO BE VERY EFFECTIVE TOOLS FOR ANALYSIS OF A WIDE VARIETY OF METAL IONS. AMONG THEM, CARBON PASTE ELECTRODS (CPES) HAVE ATTRACTED INTEREST AS A RESULT OF THEIR IMPROVED RENEWABILITY, STABLE RESPONSE, AND LOW OHMIC RESISTANCE COMPARED TO MEMBRANE ELECTRODES.N, N′-DIPYRIDOXYL (1, 3-PROPANEDIAMINE) (PYPA) SEEMED TO BE A SUITABLE ION CARRIER FOR METAL IONS DUE TO THE PRESENCE OF HARD DONATING O AND INTERMEDIATE DONATING N ATOMS AND EVEN THE EXISTENCE OF ELECTRON RICH DOUBLE BOUND IN ITS STRUCTURE. PRELIMINARY SOLUTION STUDY SHOWS THE SELECTIVITY OF (PYPA) TOWARD CR (III) IONS IN COMPARISON OF OTHER COMMON CATIONS, INCLUDING ALKALI, ALKALINE EARTH, TRANSITION AND HEAVY METAL IONS. TO HAVE A LONG-TERM STABLE ELECTRODE FOR POTENTIOMETRIC USES, (PYPA) WAS APPLIED AS IONOPHORE IN PREPARATION OF ANANO-COMPOSITE CARBON PASTE ELECTRODE.

ACETAMINOPHEN (AC) OR PARACETAMOL, A WIDELY USED ANTIPYRETIC AND ANALGESIC DRUG, IS AN EFFECTIVE AND SAFE AGENT USED WORLD WIDE FOR THE RELIEF OF MILD TO MODERATE PAIN ASSOCIATED WITH HEADACHES, BACK ACHES, ARTHRITIS AND POSTOPERATIVE PAIN. IT IS USED FOR REDUCTION OF FEUERS OF BACTERIAL OR VIRAL ORIGIN [1]. NANO COMPOSITE OF ZNFE2O4 AND TIO2 MODIFIED CARBON PASTE ELECTRODE HAS BEEN USED FOR THE DETERMINATION OF ACETAMINOPHEN (AC), BY CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY (CV), DIFFERENTIAL PULSE VOLTAMMETRY (DPV). THE RESULTS REVEALED THAT THE MODIFIED ELECTRODE SHOWS AN ELECTRO CATALYTIC ACTIVITY TOWARD THE ANODIC OXIDATION OF ACETAMINOPHEN IN THE CURRENT RESPONSE IN BUFFERED SOLUTION AT (PH: 4.2) AND THE ANODIC PEAK POTENTIAL SHIFTS BY 0.57V WHEN COMPARED WITH THE POTENTIAL USING BARE CARBON PASTE ELECTRODE. A LINEAR ANALYTICAL CURVE WAS OBSERVED IN THE RANGE OF 0.02 MM TO 120ΜM [R2:996]. THE DETECTION LIMIT FOR THIS METHOD IS 0.01MM. THE METHOD WAS THEN SUCCESSFULLY APPLIED TO THE DETERMINATION OF ACETAMINOPHEN IN TABLETS AND HUMAN URINE.