Introductions: In this article the efforts on establishment of QC and QA on produced radiopharmaceuticals at Agriculture, Medicine and Industry Research School is explained.Methods: From 1994, when the first radiopharmaceutical was produced, production of medical radioisotopes was gradually expanded, until now which is six radioisotopes contain; Tl-201, Ga-67, In-111, Kr-81m, F-18 and I-123 produce. In 1997 production of 18FDG was begun which enables to perform PET examination. Quality control tests on produced radiopharmaceuticals according to European Pharmacopeias have been performed by QC group. Due to increasing regulation and standards imposed by EP and USP, continuous upgrading of QC procedures and methods has been started. Mean time the department was received the ISO 9001-2000 RW-TUV certificate. Surveillance of the dispatched radiopharmaceuticals is organized by QA.Results and Conclusion: These efforts were programmed to establishment of some GMP criteria on radiopharmaceutical production, although all activities for receiving the GMP still continue. Clear definition of the responsibilities for different aspects of production, quality control and quality assurance has established. In this direction several activities by support of IAEA in the form of TC projects, experts’ missions and training of staff have been performed. This efforts summarized on appropriate and adequate laboratories equipments, validation, consistency, accuracy and precision in QC tests, safety, strength, identity of productions, and building facilities, documentation and record of history.

Background and the purpose of the study: Technetium-99m is the major radionuclide used in the world and mainly is provided by fission product. However extensive research has been conducted on the use of accelerators for production of 99mTc. This investigation reports the production of 99mTc radioisotope using cyclotrons and the preparation, quality control and biodistribution studies of four major Tc-radiopharmaceuticals.Methods: The high purity molybdenum natural target (130 mg/cm2) was irradiated in a Cyclone 30 accelerator using 160 μA of 25 MeV proton beam energy for 1000 μA-h. After dissolution, the technetium radionuclides were extracted using methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) followed by preparation of Tc-MIBI, Tc-DTPA, Tc-DMSA and Tc-phytate as radiopharmaceutical samples.Results: The results of quality controls and animal biodistribution studies showed successful production of Tc radionuclides (including 99mTc) in the bombarded target and subsequent labelling of the kit with Tc.Conclusion: The developed high power Mo target if constructed using enriched 100Mo, could be a practical method for large-scale production of 99mTc and promising as an alternative to fission product 99Mo-99mTc generators for local applications near cyclotron facilities.

Background: At present 18 cyclotrons are in operation and few are in process and will get commissioned in next 1-2 year time in India. In a Medical Cyclotron, radiation safety aspects are more stringent due to neutron, high energy gamma radiation and because of this the occupational workers of facility are very sceptical about radiation exposure. The objective was to access the production capability of cyclotron under different circumstances, radiation safety of facility and occupational workers.Materials and Methods: Our Medical Cyclotron (RDS Eclipse-RD, Siemens Medical Solution having 11 MeV fixed energy) are capable to produce F-18, F18-F2 gas, N-13, C11 and O-15 radioisotopes. The radiation monitoring of facility were doing routinely and every time before beam initialization, during production and post production around the self shield and outside of secondary wall of cyclotron room and radiochemistry room.Results: The mean duration of bombardment in there run on the F-18 target was 40±10.57 Min, while for N-13 target was 15±5.21 min and for F-8-2 gas target was 90±20.53 min. Radiation levels in the cyclotron vault are varies from 0.03 to 65 (mSv/hr) micro Sievert per hour. The neutron dose rate was not in the detectable range just before and after the production run in the cyclotron vault.Conclusion: The radiation (gamma and neutron) levels were well with the permissible limit except during the leakage of F-18 F-2 gas target or C-11 gas target.

Background: The US Pharmacopoeia and Good Manufacturing Practice describe a number of quality control tests that should be executed before release of FDG for human use. The key attention is to determine the finger dose of radiation worker during quality control of FDG and FDG administration to patients.Materials and Methods: The finger doses received by eight workers were measured using TLD ring dosimeter on the right hand during routine quality control and patient injection. A total of two years data were obtained for the dispensing of the quality control samples for pH, gas chromatography, thin layer chromatography, endotoxin test, multi‐channel analyzer test, Kryptofix test and high performance liquid chromatography.Results: The average total dose for the completion of all tests was 19 mSv per month for quality control procedures and 6mSv per month in patient injection respectively. The radiation workers involved in quality control of FDG received 3 times more doses as compared to radiation worker injecting patient. The radiation workers received 33% of the total dose during PH test.Conclusion: Considering the finger dose these staff member should be rotated more frequently from duty place.

four-sector 14 MeV azimuthally varying fi eld H-type cyclotron magnet has been designed for positron emission tomography (PET) at Sungkyunkwan University. Compactness, feasibility, and high performance are among the main factors that were considered in the design, which is ultimately intended made for use in hospitals and research institutes. After optimizing the initial parameters using the shimming method, an isochronous magnetic fi eld along the cyclotron radius through Opera-3d was investigated. The particle trajectories were also illustrated. The Cyclone equilibrium orbit code program was used to examine the radial and axial betatron oscillations in relation to the cyclotron operating points. In addition, the integrated phase shift was explained and compared to the Korea Institute of Radiological Medical Sciences 13 MeV cyclotron (KIRAMS-13). In conclusion, the fi nal shape magnet satisfi ed the orbital stability requirements. The RF cavity, vacuum pump, and injection system could be employed effi ciently, and a reliable agreement was reached between KIRAMS-13 and our design characterization.

An analysis of cyclotron waves in a cylindrical waveguide containing a warm plasma column is presented. In the analysis, a non linear wave equation is derived using the linearized fluid equations along with Maxwell’s equations. The general result obtained for the annular plasma column is then reduced to be used for the case where the plasma column fills the entire waveguide as well as partially filled configuration. Dispersion relations for electromagnetic and electrostatic modes are solved numerically to study the effect of electron thermal velocity on the characteristics of azimuthally symmetrical eigenmodes. The numerical studies show that the thermal motion of electrons shifts the frequencies of cyclotron plasma modes towards higher values.