Introduction: Traditional Persian medical and pharmaceutical manuscripts authored by medieval Persian scholars offer not only accumulation of traditional medical systems knowledge, but also contain collection of ingenious studies that provide vast information in the field of medicinal herbs application. One of the most cited derivative compositions of medicinal herbs are EXUDATES. A large group of these compounds along with their different clinical and pharmacological applications can be found in the manuscripts of Persian medicine.Methods and Materials: This work is a literature research on some main traditional manuscripts of Persian medicine, including the book of Alhavi, Canon of Medicine, the book of Tohfat ol Moemenin, and Makhzan ol advieh. Also, current investigations on related subjects were considered by searching in Medline/PubMed and Google Scholar databases.Results: According to the investigated manuscripts, thirty-one substances, incorporating plant EXUDATES relating to sixteen plant families, were used to combat simple to sophisticated ailments. Mostly EXUDATES were derived from herbs of family, Asteraceae, Apiaceae with six and five citations, respectively. Other than the reported clinical applications for herbs, which were defined as a source for gummy compositions, numerous pharmacological approaches were also remarked for the secreted gums.Conclusion: Application of ethno botanical findings on simple remedies offers rational criteria to evaluate the potential therapeutic properties of medicinal plants.

Nitrification inhibition (NI) by climax ecosystems has been suggested for decades, and this inhibitory effect seems to be a feature of wild genotypes rather than commercial cultivars. Many plants particularly grasses were suggested to have NI activity, and recently Brachiaria humidicola (BH) was shown to have promising control on nitrification rates through root EXUDATES. In this study effects of different treatments such as N form (NH4+ vs NO3-) and N concentrations (1, 2 and 4 mM N), plant age, light intensity and different collecting mediums for root EXUDATES on the NI activity of root washings were investigated. This was done using a series of nutrient solution experiments. The results showed that BH root EXUDATES collected in distilled water, independent of light intensity, plant age, N-forms, N-concentrations and root EXUDATES collection periods, had no significant inhibition on nitrification. However, root EXUDATES collected in a 1 mM NH4Cl medium had significant inhibition on nitrification process in a soil bioassay. This inhibition was more highlighted when plants were grown in presence of ammonium rather than nitrate. In comparison to drying with rotary evaporator, freezed dried root EXUDATES indicated significant NI in root EXUDATES of plants which were grown in NH4+ under low light, while this effect was not seen under higher light intensity or nitrate nutrition. Measuring electric conductivity of solutions from root washing also showed higher conductivity when ammonium presented in root medium, particularly in root EXUDATES collecting medium over extended time (24 instead 6 hours).

Bacteria of the genus Azospirillum are well known as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. The ability to synthesize phytohormones is considered one of the most important mechanisms to promote plant growth and is widely distributed among plant associated rhizobacteria. The most important phytohormone produced by Azospirillum is the auxin indole-3-acetic acid, with the L-tryptophan as the precursor. In the present study, we evaluate the capacity of eight Azospirillum strains isolated from rice and wheat, to producein vitro auxins using plant EXUDATES. Our results show that isolates produced auxins in tryptophan free media, but, generally, the amount produced increased when the tryptophan concentration increased. Some plants root EXUDATES had a similar effect to tryptophan for the auxin production. In this sense, bean, rice and canola root extracts produced, respectively, 93.3%, 96.2%, and 88.31% more auxin than L-tryptophan.Azospirillumsp. isolate A3 had the maximal capacity to produce auxin. Therefore, the effect of cell free supernatant was studied on rice root development. Statistical analysis did not show any significant difference between root number and dry weight of the treated and control seedlings. However, significant differences were observed in root length and wet weight at a=0.01 and a=0.05, respectively.

Background: Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that infects all mammalian cells. Several antigens such as excreted/secreted antigens have been identified as a potential vaccine candidate.Objective: The main goal of this study was to determine how excreted/secreted antigens from peritoneal EXUDATES of infected mice (mESA) stimulate cell-mediated immune responses and induce protective immunity against toxoplasmosis in murine model.Methods: The peritoneal fluids were fractionated by precipitation in 30-80% saturated ammonium sulphate solution. For induction of cell-mediated immune responses, delayed type hypersensitivity was measured in injected footpad. Response to purified antigen was measured by lymphocyte proliferation assay. Nitric oxide was measured by Griess method. For immunization, Balb/c mice were immunized 2 times with mESA, mESA-40% and Toxoplasma Lysate Antigen (TLA). The virulent RH strain of Toxoplasma gondii was used for challenging.Results: The pattern of lymphocyte responsiveness was dependent on the antigen employed. In sensitized mice, those received mESA-40% displayed higher lymphocyte response than mice stimulated by mESA (p<0.05). The highest amounts of nitric oxide were observed in macrophages, which received mESA-40% and mESA (p<0.05). Mice immunized with mESA-40% survived longer than those immunized with mESA and other antigens (p<0.05).Conclusion: As fraction 40% (mESA-40%) showed a good result in induction of cell-mediated responses in the murine model, the purification and isolation of the mESA 40% is highly recommended for future study.